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Think about the lending business like a ladder. On the top of the ladder, youve got A-paper loan products. Weve all heard of A-paper loans. Credit is excellent. Income, assets; its all there. So those programs are at the very top. In the middle of the ladder, you find what they call Alt-A loan programs or, effectively, the alternative to A-paper loan products. Think about it as A-minus paper. Alt-A programs offer expanded guidelines for people who dont quite qualify for A-paper loans. And on the bottom of the ladder, youve got Subprime loan products; programs designed for people with B or C credit. Down there, you can get almost anything approved. The guidelines are much more accommodating and the underwriting process is simpler. These days, theres actually a fourth category below Subprime. Its called Hard Money and those programs dont even consider the credit of the borrower. Hard Money lenders are only concerned with the value of the property and the size of the loan. They look at a ratio called the Loan-to-Value (LTV) ratio. Hard Money lenders assume a default is likely so theyre primarily concerned with ensuring theres enough equity in the property to fully pay off the loan (plus legal fees, by the way) if the property goes into default and they have to foreclose. Obviously, the higher up the ladder you get, the better the rates become. Likewise, the further down the ladder you go, the worse the rates become. Effectively, you pay for the luxury of relaxed guidelines with a higher interest rate. On the top of the ladder, you get great rates but theyll ask you for everything. Income documentation. Bank statements. Good credit. Theyll want an explanation of any large deposits in your bank account. Theyll want a fully documented 2-year employment history. Theyll want good cash reserves sitting in the bank after the deal is done, just in case. In other words, theyll give you the best rate, but theyll make darn sure you can make the payments thereafter. Low risk, low rate. High risk, high rate. The unfortunate reality today is that many Mortgage Brokers gently nudge their clients down the ladder instead of up. It makes their life easier. The guidelines are looser. Getting an approval is easier. They dont have to provide as much paperwork. Believe me. Getting an A-paper borrower approved in a Subprime loan program is easy. Theres nothing to it. So you get these situations were people are told, dont worry about a thing; youve got great credit and we dont need anything else; the loans already approved. Little do these people realize that theyre paying for that luxury with a higher interest rate, and probably a prepayment penalty too. The point is that you want to work with someone who pushes you up the ladder, not down. You want someone who will instinctively look for ways to squeeze you into the best possible program they can. You want someone wholl be a pain in the neck, asking for all kinds of documentation. That way, you know theyre trying to get you into a strict program. Now, of course the better Mortgage Brokers will have a system in place where they can request and itemize everything they need right at the beginning, making the rest of the process simpler and smoother. But dont get too annoyed if your Mortgage Broker keeps asking for more. Generally speaking, its a good sign. Trust me. Nobody wants to ask for all that stuff. Its frustrating and it can be embarrassing if he forgot to ask for something at the beginning. But he obviously submitted your application to a strict program and if he doesnt get that documentation, the underwriters will not approval that particular loan program. Its that simple. So exercise some patience and heed his request. When everythings signed, sealed and delivered, the only thing youll remember is the rate. You wont remember the extra bank statement. You wont remember the explanation letter. Youll only remember the rate. And if your rate is lower than your friends rate or your neighbors rate, youll feel good about the loan you got. In an earlier article entitled The Source of Mortgage Money, we talked about the fact that a lot of money has been accumulating over the past 25 years or so. The result of all this cash accumulation has been two fold. First, weve seen interest rates drop pretty steadily ever since 1982. Second, weve seen a lot of new and innovative loan programs being offered. Both of these realities are fueled by the competitive process as lenders compete for a limited number of borrowers. Theyre all trying to give you a reason to borrow the money from them, rather than their competition. Twenty years ago, the only available type of loan program was a traditional 30-year fixed A-paper loan. Period. That was it. And you had to have great credit, sufficient income and a 20% down payment to get it. So all the homeowners in the country fit right up at the top of the ladder. All homeowners were A-paper borrowers. There was no such thing as Alt-A or Subprime programs. They didnt exist. Over the years, as the amount of investment capital increased, the lending business got more competitive and some lenders started offering programs with looser guidelines. They started offering what are now known as Alt-A loan programs. This really started picking up speed about 15 years ago. More time passed and some lenders started relaxing the guidelines even further. They started offering what we now call Subprime programs; programs that started gaining in popularity maybe 7 or 8 years ago. And in the past few years, were seeing more and more people in the Hard Money area. The obvious trend is that the competitive pressures in the industry have resulted in a dramatic widening of programs available. So, lets talk about the Subprime category for a minute. For our purposes here, thats the bottom of the ladder since Hard Money programs really only apply to refinance transactions with very low LTV ratios, and those situations arent actually that common. Most of the loan programs in the Subprime category are fixed for only two years. Some for three but most for two. After that, the rate is calculated as an index plus some predetermined margin. In most cases, the addition of the index plus margin is two or even three percentage points higher than the starting rate. If the starting rate is 6%, the index plus margin might be as high as 8 or 9%. And thats not all. Many of these loan programs have an Interest Only option to lower the payment but that option usually expires after two years as well. So when the fixed rate expires after the first two years, the rate jumps up two or three percentage points and the Interest Only option disappears at the same time. That means the payment could easily double at that point. It gets worse. Most of these programs come with a two-year prepayment penalty to boot. So the borrower is completely stuck between a rock and a hard place. Their payment will likely double after two years but they cant really do anything until those two years pass, unless they want to pay a huge prepayment penalty. So the reality is that these people better start working on a refinance in the 23rd month, one month before their two-year anniversary, so they can close on the new loan one or two days after the prepayment penalty expires. If they dont, theyll be stuck with a huge payment shock and may lose their house in the process. It all sounds pretty bad, doesnt it? Sure it does. But not so fast. After discussing the obvious downsides of Subprime loans, we cannot villainize them entirely. What were talking about here are loan programs that give people an opportunity to buy a home; people who never couldve qualified to buy a home just 10 years ago. No way. I recently did a purchase transaction here in the Bay Area for a woman who did 100% financing with a 577 credit score; a 577 credit score! Thats incredible! There is no way that woman couldve bought a home with a 577 credit score back in 1995. No possible way. And its programs like this that increase the demand for homes; demand that props up the values of your home too. The US Department of Housing and Urban Development estimated homeownership to be at 68.6% back in late 2003. The only reason homeownership is that high is because these new flexible loan programs give people an opportunity to buy homes; people who couldnt have done so otherwise. That increases demand, propping up the value of all homes, including yours and mine. These Subprime loan programs have a downside for sure. No doubt. You have to be careful. But they also provide real value. They serve a purpose. Heres the scoop. If you use one of these Subprime loan programs to get into a house or refinance your existing house, go ahead. But youve got two years; two years to clean up your situation so you can start climbing that ladder when youre forced to refinance two years down the road. Youve got two years to clean it up. And if you dont, youll have to go through the cycle again. You get a two-year window each time you go through the cycle. And every time you leave things the way they are, youll be forced to do it again. The only person who benefits from this cycle is your Mortgage Broker. They make money each time you refinance. You dont benefit. It doesnt matter what anybody tells you, refinancing costs money. Its that simple. Refinancing costs money. And your Mortgage Broker will be thrilled that he can do another loan for you but it certainly wont leave you any better off, thats for sure. Let me quickly distinguish between this example and the recent refinance boom. If rates are dropping and its possible to refinance your mortgage at a lower rate, even considering the fees involved, go crazy. Refinance all you like. Your Mortgage Broker will be making money but youll be benefiting as well. But the refinance boom is over. It ended in 2004 and the opportunities to simply refinance into a lower rate are few and far between. What Im discussing here is a situation where the loan program forces you to refinance to avoid a huge payment shock. In that situation, you need to prepare yourself so you can get into a better program next time; a program that might be fixed for a longer period of time, or one that doesnt have a prepayment penalty, or one that provides a longer Interest Only option, or one with a lower margin. In order to do that, you have to climb that ladder and get above the Subprime category. There are plenty of things you can do to start climbing that ladder and they all fall under one of three headings: credit, income and assets. Those are the three pillars of the underwriting process and will be discussed in a separate article. In the meantime, an understanding of the hierarchy of lenders discussed here is the first step to improving your financial profile in the future. |
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