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In extreme - though surprisingly frequent - cases, whole groups (typically minorities) are excluded from the nations moral universe and from the ambit of civil society. Thus, they are rendered invisible, subhuman, and unprotected by laws, institutions, and ethics. This process of distancing and dehumanization I call exclusionary conscience. The most recent examples are the massacre of the Tutsis in Rwanda, the Holocaust of the Jews in Nazi Germanys Third Reich, and the Armenian Genocide in Turkey. Radical Islamists are now advocating the mass slaughter of Westerners, particularly of Americans and Israelis, regardless of age, gender, and alleged culpability. But the phenomenon of exclusionary conscience far predates these horrendous events. In the Bible, the ancient Hebrews are instructed to exterminate all Amalekites, men, women, and children. In her book, The Nazi Conscience, Claudia Koontz quotes from Freuds Civilization and its Discontents: If (the Golden Rule of morality) commanded Love thy neighbor as thy neighbor loves thee, I should not take exception to it. If he is a stranger to me ... it will be hard for me to love him. (p. 5) |


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