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广告招租，e-mail:yesize@hotmail.com 第一章 名词www.test99.com www.test99.com www.test99.com www.test99.com www.test99.com TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s，变为复数形式，其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。www.test99.com 例如：various colors(various是各种各样的，后面当然要用复数形式)www.test99.com www.test99.com 复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s，但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则：www.test99.com 1．结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如：buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brusheswww.test99.com 2．结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factorieswww.test99.com 3．结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-kniveswww.test99.com 4．结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefswww.test99.com www.test99.com www.test99.com Test99 ATest99Test99Test99Test99 BTest99Test99Test99Test99Test99 CTest99Test99Test99 Dwww.test99.com 答案：Awww.test99.com 应改为：Flowerswww.test99.com 解释：表泛指时，可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数，因谓语是复数，故改为复数www.test99.com www.test99.com (2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic www.test99.com Test99 ATest99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99 BTest99 CTest99Test99Test99Test99Test99Dwww.test99.com pain.www.test99.com 答案：Awww.test99.com 应改为：Doctorswww.test99.com 解释：表泛指时，可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数，因谓语动词是复数，故名词也用复数www.test99.com www.test99.com www.test99.com 1．单复数词形相同 www.test99.com 如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species，sheep, deer, aircraft等www.test99.com www.test99.com basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-criseswww.test99.com medium(媒体)-media datum(数据)-data curriculum(课程)-curriculawww.test99.com larva(幼虫)-larvae criterion(标准)-criteria phenomenon(现象)-phenomenawww.test99.com www.test99.com clothes trousers compasses(圆规) scales(天平) savings(储蓄), www.test99.com statistics(统计数据), headquarters(总部)， www.test99.com 4．复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: www.test99.com goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局)www.test99.com www.test99.com child - children mouse - mice louse - licewww.test99.com tooth - teeth foot - feet www.test99.com www.test99.com www.test99.com www.test99.com Test99Test99Test99 ATest99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99BTest99Test99Test99Test99Test99 Cwww.test99.com jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. www.test99.com Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Dwww.test99.com www.test99.com Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed www.test99.com Test99ATest99Test99Test99BTest99Test99Test99Test99Test99 CTest99Test99Test99Test99Test99www.test99.com feet.www.test99.com 的Ｄwww.test99.com 答案：Dwww.test99.com 应改为：footwww.test99.com 解释：feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数www.test99.com 词汇：sanderling: 三趾滨鹬www.test99.com www.test99.com www.test99.com No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花.www.test99.com No one is here. www.test99.com www.test99.com no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; www.test99.com not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词www.test99.com www.test99.com (1) www.test99.com The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood.www.test99.com (A) nonewww.test99.com (B) nowww.test99.com (C) notwww.test99.com (D) norwww.test99.com www.test99.com 解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、的B、的D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意www.test99.com www.test99.com Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when www.test99.com ATest99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99BTest99Test99Test99Test99Test99 Cwww.test99.com Frances Perkins became secretary of labor.www.test99.com Test99Test99Test99Test99Dwww.test99.com www.test99.com 应改为: Nowww.test99.com 解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词www.test99.com www.test99.com www.test99.com www.test99.com 例如：Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. www.test99.com 这里用their 而不用 thewww.test99.com www.test99.com (1) www.test99.com A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten www.test99.com Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99ATest99Test99Test99BTest99Test99Test99Test99Cwww.test99.com the lives.www.test99.com 的Dwww.test99.com www.test99.com 应改为: theirwww.test99.com 解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系www.test99.com www.test99.com A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any www.test99.com Test99Test99Test99ATest99Test99Test99Test99BTest99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Cwww.test99.com specific way.www.test99.com Test99Test99Dwww.test99.com www.test99.com 应改为: itswww.test99.com 解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语www.test99.com www.test99.com www.test99.com www.test99.com (1) www.test99.com In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or www.test99.com Test99Test99Test99Test99ATest99Test99Test99Test99BTest99Test99Test99Test99Cwww.test99.com relating those objects.www.test99.com 的Ｄwww.test99.com www.test99.com 应改为: is a set www.test99.com 解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、的一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 www.test99.com www.test99.com At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response.www.test99.com ATest99Test99Test99 BTest99Test99 CTest99Test99Test99Test99Test99 Dwww.test99.com www.test99.com 应改为: responseswww.test99.com 解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a fewwww.test99.com www.test99.com The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25， 后面谓语动词用单数)www.test99.com A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, )www.test99.com www.test99.com www.test99.com a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a universitywww.test99.com an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour www.test99.com www.test99.com www.test99.com (1) www.test99.com How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever www.test99.com Test99 ATest99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99 BTest99Test99Test99Test99Test99 Cwww.test99.com been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it.www.test99.com Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99 Dwww.test99.com 答案: B有错www.test99.com 应改为: puzzle. www.test99.com 解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名Test99 词puzzlewww.test99.com www.test99.com Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a www.test99.com Test99 ATest99Test99Test99Test99BTest99Test99Test99 CTest99Test99Test99Test99Test99Dwww.test99.com question of physiology and of culture. www.test99.com www.test99.com 应改为: daywww.test99.com 解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词daywww.test99.com www.test99.com Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the www.test99.com Test99ATest99Test99Test99BTest99Test99Test99 Cwww.test99.com nonprofessional metal worker.www.test99.com Test99Test99Ｄwww.test99.com 答案: Cwww.test99.com 应改为: still a practicalwww.test99.com 解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词www.test99.com www.test99.com 例题:www.test99.com (1) www.test99.com A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world.www.test99.com Test99 ATest99Test99 BTest99Test99CTest99Test99Test99Test99Test99 Dwww.test99.com www.test99.com 应改为: An emotionwww.test99.com 解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用anwww.test99.com www.test99.com If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine www.test99.com Test99 ATest99Test99BTest99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99 Cwww.test99.com chemically with other atoms.www.test99.com Test99Test99Test99Test99 Dwww.test99.com www.test99.com 应改为: an atomwww.test99.com 解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用anwww.test99.com www.test99.com www.test99.com (1) the和可数名词单数连用，表示一类人或物，如：www.test99.com the fern(蕨类), the wallflowerwww.test99.com www.test99.com the first woman, the nineteenth centurywww.test99.com 但前面有物主代词时除外，如 my first babywww.test99.com www.test99.com the largest city, the most advanced technologywww.test99.com www.test99.com the development of the watch, www.test99.com www.test99.com the globe(地球)，the equator(赤道), the moon, the sunwww.test99.com www.test99.com (1) 表示人名、的地名、的国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加，如：www.test99.com Dennis Chavez(人名)，Alaska(地名)，English(英语), February(二月), America(美国)www.test99.com 但是在表示海洋、的海峡、的江、的河、的山脉、的群岛等专有名词时要加上thewww.test99.com the Great Lakes(美国五大湖)， the Changjiang River(长江) www.test99.com www.test99.com algebra(代数学), advertising， accounting（会计学）www.test99.com (3) 表示类别的复数名词前，如：www.test99.com Historians believe that…, Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from…www.test99.com (4) 一些固定词组中，如：www.test99.com in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bedwww.test99.com 乘车的词组：www.test99.com by train(乘火车), by car (乘汽车), by bicycle(骑脚踏车), by bus (乘公共汽车),www.test99.com by land(由陆路), by sea (由海路), by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空)www.test99.com on foot (步行)， by plane(乘飞机)， by ship (乘船)，www.test99.com 打球的词组：www.test99.com play tennis, play baseball, play basketballwww.test99.com www.test99.com www.test99.com (D) www.test99.com Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used.www.test99.com (A) it was thewww.test99.com (B) that thewww.test99.com (C) there was a www.test99.com (D) thewww.test99.com www.test99.com 解释：空格后是主谓句，A、的C可先排除，B使原句只有从句没有主句，只剩下D可选，D是定冠词作名词material的限定词，表特指www.test99.com www.test99.com The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of www.test99.com Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99 ATest99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Bwww.test99.com Alaska and a territory of the Canada.www.test99.com Test99Test99 CTest99Test99Test99Dwww.test99.com www.test99.com 应改为：ofwww.test99.com 解释：Canada是国名，属专用名词，之前不能加定冠词www.test99.com www.test99.com The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to www.test99.com www.test99.com www.test99.com 如：a sheet of steel(一片钢), a piece of furniture（一件家具），www.test99.com two pieces of work（两份工作） an item of news(一条新闻)www.test99.com www.test99.com 不能够说：an advice(一个建议) ，而应该说 a piece of advicewww.test99.com www.test99.com 而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类www.test99.com www.test99.com (1)www.test99.com Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and www.test99.com Test99Test99Test99 ATest99Test99Test99BTest99Test99CTest99Test99Test99Test99Test99Dwww.test99.com trade.www.test99.com 答案：Cwww.test99.com 应改为：advertisingwww.test99.com 解释：advertising是不可数名词，不能加冠词www.test99.com 词汇：barter: 实物交易www.test99.com www.test99.com www.test99.com much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、的丰富的)www.test99.com little /a little /less /least, a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用www.test99.com www.test99.com (1) www.test99.com Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear www.test99.com Test99Test99Test99Test99ATest99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99BTest99Test99Test99Test99 Cwww.test99.com image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment.www.test99.com Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99 Dwww.test99.com www.test99.com 应改为：little. www.test99.com 解释：equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的littlewww.test99.com www.test99.com Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge www.test99.com Test99Test99Test99ATest99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Bwww.test99.com thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn.www.test99.com Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99 CTest99Test99Test99Test99 Dwww.test99.com www.test99.com 应改为：much evidencewww.test99.com 解释：many是复数名词的限定词，而evidence是不可数名词，应用much作限定词www.test99.com www.test99.com 例如： www.test99.com a lot of students , a lot of moneywww.test99.com the rest of the students, the rest of moneywww.test99.com Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun.www.test99.com Test99ATest99Test99Test99BTest99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99CTest99 www.test99.com nineteenth century.www.test99.com Test99Dwww.test99.com 答案：Dwww.test99.com 应改为：to the nineteenthwww.test99.com 解释：nineteenth是序数词，之前应加thewww.test99.com www.test99.com www.test99.com www.test99.com 如: my mothers coat, the headmasters home， the presidents office www.test99.com 如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 , www.test99.com 如: the students union, the ladies roomwww.test99.com www.test99.com (1) www.test99.com It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape.www.test99.com (A) of the dropwww.test99.com (B) the dropswww.test99.com (C) drop ofwww.test99.com (D) drops theirwww.test99.com www.test99.com 解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱www.test99.com www.test99.com Over a very large number of trials, the probability of an events ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur.www.test99.com (A) occurswww.test99.com (B) will occurwww.test99.com (C) can occurwww.test99.com (D) occurringwww.test99.com www.test99.com 解释：句中已有谓语动词, s只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除www.test99.com www.test99.com www.test99.com 如： the title of the passage www.test99.com www.test99.com (1) www.test99.com James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names www.test99.com Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99ATest99Test99 BTest99Test99 Cwww.test99.com of some works years after their completion.www.test99.com Test99Test99Test99 Dwww.test99.com www.test99.com 应改为: paintingswww.test99.com 解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目www.test99.com www.test99.com Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and www.test99.com Test99Test99Test99ATest99Test99Test99Test99 BTest99Test99 CTest99Test99Test99Test99 Dwww.test99.com spinal cord.www.test99.com www.test99.com 应改为: stimulationwww.test99.com 解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式www.test99.com www.test99.com www.test99.com www.test99.com 例题:www.test99.com (1) www.test99.com In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanners paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution.www.test99.com (A) was a major collectionwww.test99.com (B) that a major collectionwww.test99.com (C) a collection was majorwww.test99.com (D) a major collectionwww.test99.com www.test99.com 解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句www.test99.com www.test99.com The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of www.test99.com Test99Test99ATest99Test99Test99Test99 BTest99Test99Test99Test99CTest99Test99 Dwww.test99.com medieval alchemists.www.test99.com www.test99.com 应改为：beginnings. www.test99.com 解释：句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语www.test99.com www.test99.com www.test99.com 例题:www.test99.com (1) www.test99.com In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New Yorks rockn roll fans.www.test99.com (A) new dance, the twistwww.test99.com (B) twist, was the new dancewww.test99.com (C) twist, the new dance thatwww.test99.com (D) new dance is the twistwww.test99.com www.test99.com 解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语www.test99.com www.test99.com Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicants instep www.test99.com Test99Test99 ATest99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99BTest99Test99Test99 www.test99.com to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch.www.test99.com 的CTest99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99 Dwww.test99.com 答案: D www.test99.com 应改为: promise. www.test99.com 解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词www.test99.com www.test99.com www.test99.com I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town.www.test99.com 例题:www.test99.com (1) www.test99.com In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts.www.test99.com (A) that instituteswww.test99.com (B) while institutedwww.test99.com (C) was an institutionwww.test99.com (D) an institutewww.test99.com www.test99.com 解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语www.test99.com www.test99.com Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century.www.test99.com (A) is the great modern choreographerwww.test99.com (B) one of the great modern choreographerswww.test99.com (C) that the great modern choreographerswww.test99.com (D) the modern choreographers were greatwww.test99.com www.test99.com 解释：此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任；A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句www.test99.com www.test99.com www.test99.com 这样的词语有：word order（词序）， taxi driver（出租车司机）等www.test99.com www.test99.com (1) www.test99.com Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, www.test99.com 的ATest99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99Test99 Bwww.test99.com is a prosperous trading and distribute center.www.test99.com Test99 CTest99Test99Test99Test99 Dwww.test99.com www.test99.com 应改为: distribution/ distributing.www.test99.com 解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center，可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯www.test99.com www.test99.com Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects.www.test99.com Test99 ATest99BTest99Test99Test99CTest99Test99Test99Test99 Dwww.test99.com www.test99.com 应改为: colorwww.test99.com 解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果www.test99.com
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