29. Until the twentieth century, pendulum clocks were calibrated against the rotation of earth by taking astronomically measurements.

30.The rapid growth of the world’s population over the past 100 years have led
to a great increase in the acreage of land under cultivation.

31.In the eighteenth century, the Pawnees, descendants of the Nebraska culture, lived in
villages sizeable on the Loup and Platte rivers in central Nebraska.

32.The attraction of opposite charges is one of the force that keep electrons in orbit around of nucleus of an atom.

33.Of every the major traditions of wood carving, the one that is closest in structure to the tree is the crest pole made by the Native Americans of the Northwest coast.

34.Many of the fine-grained varieties of sedimentary rocks known as shales yield oil
 when distilled by hot.

35.In 1820 there were only 65 daily newspapers in the united states, which total daily circulation of perhaps 100,000.

36.The Milky Way galaxy includes the Sun, its planets, and rest of the solar system, along with billions of stars and other objects.

37.Some of sharpshooter Annie Oakley’s exploits with a gun are almost unbelievable when
it comes to accuracy, speed of firing ,and endure.

38.Evidence from ancient fossils indicates the scorpion may had been among the first land animals.

39.Jetties, piers designed to aid in marine navigation, are constructed primary of wood, stone, concrete, or combinations of these materials.

40.The Barnes Foundation in Merion, Pennsylvania, was chartered in 1922 to promotion art education by providing art classes and by establishing a publishing program.

Section Three: Reading Comprehension
Question 1-10
All mammals feed their young. Beluga whale mothers, for example, nurse their calves for some twenty months, until they are about to give birth again and their young are able to find their own food. The behavior of feeding of the young is built into the reproductive system. It is a nonelective part of parental care and the defining feature of a mammal, the most important thing that mammals-- whether marsupials, platypuses, spiny anteaters, or placental mammals -- have in common.

But not all animal parents, even those that tend their offspring to the point of hatching or birth, feed their young. Most egg-guarding fish do not, for the simple reason that their young are so much smaller than the parents and eat food that is also much smaller than the food eaten by adults. In reptiles, the crocodile mother protects her young after they have hatched and takes them down to the water, where they will find food, but she does not actually feed them. Few insects feed their young after hatching, but some make other arrangement, provisioning their cells and nests with caterpillars and spiders that they have paralyzed with their venom and stored in a state of suspended animation so that their larvae might have a supply of fresh food when they hatch.

For animals other than mammals, then, feeding is not intrinsic to parental care. Animals add it to their reproductive strategies to give them an edge in their lifelong quest for descendants. The most vulnerable moment in any animals life is when it first finds itself completely on its own, when it must forage and fend for itself. Feeding postpones that moment until a young animal has grown to such a size that it is better able to cope. Young that are fed by their parents become nutritionally independent at a much greater fraction of their full adult size. And in the meantime those young are shielded against the vagaries of fluctuating of difficult-to-find supplies. Once a species does take the step of feeding its young, the young become totally dependent on the extra effort. If both parents are removed, the young generally do no survive.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The care that various animals give to their offspring.
B. The difficulties young animals face in obtaining food.
C. The methods that mammals use to nurse their young.
D. The importance among young mammals of becoming independent.

2. The author lists various animals in line 5 to
A. contrast the feeding habits of different types of mammals
B. describe the process by which mammals came to be defined
C. emphasize the point that every type of mammal feeds its own young
D. explain why a particular feature of mammals is nonelective

3. The word tend in line 7 is closest in meaning to
A. sit on
B. move
C. notice
D. care for

4. What can be inferred from the passage about the practice of animal parents feeding their young?
A. It is unknown among fish.
B. It is unrelated to the size of the young.
C. It is dangerous for the parents.
D. It is most common among mammals.

5. The word provisioning in line 13 is closest in meaning to
A. supplying
B. preparing
C. building
D. expanding

6. According to the passage, how do some insects make sure their young have food?
A. By storing food near their young.
B. By locating their nests or cells near spiders and caterpillars.
C. By searching for food some distance from their nest.
D. By gathering food from a nearby water source.

7. The word edge in line 17 is closest in meaning to
A. opportunity
B. advantage
C. purpose
D. rest

8. The word it in line 20 refers to
A. Feeding
B. moment
C. young animal
D. size

9. According to the passage, animal young are most defenseless when
A. their parents are away searching for food
B. their parents have many young to feed
C. they are only a few days old
D. they first become independent

10. The word shielded in line 22 is closest in meaning to
A. raised
B. protected
C. hatched
D. valued
 

Question 11-21:
Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are two prime examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other material) against an image-bearing surface to which ink has been applied. When the paper is removed, the image adheres to it, but in reverse.

The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth century A.D. for applying patterns to textiles. The process was not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first for textile decoration and then for printing on paper. Woodcuts are created by a relief process; first, the artist takes a block of wood, which has been sawed parallel to the grain, covers it with a white ground, and then draws the image in ink. The background is carved away, leaving the design area slightly raised. The woodblock is inked, and the ink adheres to the raised image. It is then transferred to damp paper either by hand or with a printing press.

Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmiths art, originated in Germany and northern Italy in the middle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare, to carve). The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a cutting instrument, or burin. The artist inks the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink remains in the incised grooves. An impression is made on damp paper in a printing press, with sufficient pressure being applied so that the paper picks up the ink.

Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends itself to subtle modeling and shading through the use of fine lines. Hatching and cross-hatching determine the degree of light and shade in a print. Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with sharper contrasts between light and dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images. A set of multiples is called an edition. Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear. Mass production of prints in the sixteenth century made images available, at a lower cost, to a much broader public than before.

11. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The origins of textile decoration
B. The characteristics of good-quality prints
C. Two types of printmaking
D. Types of paper used in printmaking

12. The word prime in line 2 is closest in meaning to
A. principal
B. complex
C. general
D. recent

13. The authors purposes in paragraph 2 is to describe
A. the woodcuts found in China in the fifth century
B. the use of woodcuts in the textile industry
C. the process involved in creating a woodcut
D. the introduction of woodcuts to Europe

14. The word incised in line 15 is closest in meaning to
A. burned
B. cut
C. framed
D. baked

15. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage/
A. patterns(line 5)
B. grain(line 8)
C. burin(line 16)
D. grooves(line 17)

16. The word distinctive in line 19 is closest in meaning to
A. unique
B. accurate
C. irregular
D. similar

17. According to the passage, all of the following are true about engraving EXCEPT that it
A. developed from the art of the goldsmiths
B. requires that the paper be cut with a burin
C. originated in the fifteenth century
D. involves carving into a metal plate

18. The word yield in line 23 is closest in meaning to
A. imitate
B. produce
C. revise
D. contrast

19. According to the passage, what do woodcut and engraving have in common?
A. Their designs are slightly raised.
B. They achieve contrast through hatching and cross-hatching.
C. They were first used in Europe.
D. They allow multiple copies to be produced from one original.

20. According to the author, what made it possible for members of the general public to own prints in the sixteenth century?
A. Prints could be made at low cost.
B. The quality of paper and ink had improved.
C. Many people became involved in the printmaking industry.
D. Decreased demand for prints kept prices affordable.

21. According to the passage, all of the following are true about prints EXCEPT that they
A. can be reproduced on materials other than paper
B. are created from a reversed image
C. show variations between light and dark shades
D. require a printing press
 

Questions 22-31:
The first peoples to inhabit what today is the southeastern United States sustained themselves as hunters and gathers. Sometimes early in the first millennium A.D., however, they began to cultivate corn and other crops. Gradually, as they became more skilled at gardening, they settled into permanent villages and developed a rich culture, characterized by the great earthen mounds they erected as monuments to their gods and as tombs for their distinguished dead. Most of these early mound builders were part of the Adena-Hopewell culture, which had its beginnings near the Ohio River and takes its name from sites in Ohio. The culture spread southward into the present-day states of Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. Its peoples became great traders, bartering jewellery, pottery, animal pelts, tools, and other goods along extensive trading networks that stretched up and down eastern North America and as far west as the Rocky Mountains.

About A.D. 400, the Hopewell culture fell into decay. Over the next centuries, it was supplanted by another culture, the Mississippian, named after the river along which many of its earliest villages were located. This complex civilization dominated the Southeast from about A.D. 700 until shortly before the Europeans began arriving in the sixteenth century. At the peak of its strength, about the year 1200, it was the most advanced culture in North America. Like their Hopewell predecessors, the Mississippians became highly skilled at growing food, although on a grander scale. They developed an improved strain of corn, which could survive in wet soil and a relatively cool climate, and also learned to cultivate beans. Indeed, agriculture became so important to the Mississippians that it became closely associated with the Sun --- the guarantor of good crops. Many tribes called themselves children of the Sun and believed their omnipotent priest-chiefs were descendants of the great sun god.

Although most Mississippians lived in small villages, many others inhabited large towns. Most of these towns boasted at least one major flat-topped mound on which stood a temple that contained a sacred flame. Only priests and those charged with guarding the flame could enter the temples. The mounds also served as ceremonial and trading sites, and at times they were used as burial grounds.

22. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The development of agriculture
B. The locations of towns and villages
C. The early people and cultures of the United States
D. The construction of burial mounds

23. Which of the following resulted from the rise of agriculture in the southeastern United States?
A. The development of trade in North America
B. The establishment of permanent settlements
C. Conflicts with other Native American groups over land
D. A migration of these peoples to the Rocky Mountains.

24. What does the term Adena-Hopewell(line 7) designate?
A. The early locations of the Adena-Hopewell culture
B. The two most important nations of the Adena-Hopewell culture
C. Two former leaders who were honored with large burial mounds.
D. Two important trade routes in eastern North America

25. The word bartering in line 9 is closest in meaning to
A. producing
B. exchanging
C. transporting
D. loading

26. The word supplanted in line 13 is closest in meaning to
A. conquered
B. preceded
C. replaced
D. imitated

27. According to the passage, when did the Mississippian culture reach its highest point of development?
A. About A.D. 400
B. Between A.D. 400 AND A.D. 700
C. About A.D. 1200
D. In the sixteenth century

28. According to the passage, how did the agriculture of the Mississippians differ from that of their Hopewell predecessors?
A. The Mississippians produced more durable and larger crops of food.
B. The Mississippians sold their food to other groups.
C. The Mississippians could only grow plants in warm, dry climates.
D. The Mississippians produced special foods for their religious leaders.

29. Why does the author mention that many Mississippians tribes called themselves children of the Sun(line 22)?
A. To explain why they were obedient to their priest-chiefs.
B. To argue about the importance of religion in their culture.
C. To illustrate the great importance they placed on agriculture.
D. To provide an example of their religious rituals.

30. The phrase charged with in line 26 is closest in meaning to
A. passed on
B. experienced at
C. interested in
D. assigned to

31. According to the passage, the flat-topped mounds in Mississippian towns were used for all of the following purposes EXCEPT
A. religious ceremonies
B. meeting places for the entire community
C. sites for commerce
D. burial sites
 

Question 32-40:
Overland transport in the United States was still extremely primitive in 1790. Roads were few and short, usually extending from inland communities to the nearest river town or seaport. Nearly all interstate commerce was carried out by sailing ships that served the bays and harbors of the seaboard. Yet, in 1790 the nation was on the threshold of a new era of road development. Unable to finance road construction, states turned for help to private companies, organized by merchants and land speculators who had a personal interest in improved communications with the interior. The pioneer in this move was the state of Pennsylvania, which chartered a company in 1792 to construct a turnpike, a road for the use of which a toll, or payment, is collected, from Philadelphia to Lancaster. The legislature gave the company the authority to erect tollgates at points along the road where payment would be collected, though it carefully regulated the rates. (The states had unquestioned authority to regulate private business in this period.)

The company built a gravel road within two years, and the success of the Lancaster Pike encouraged imitation. Northern states generally relied on private companies to build their toll roads, but Virginia constructed a network at public expense. Such was the road building fever that by 1810 New York alone had some 1,500 miles of turnpikes extending from the Atlantic to Lake Erie.

Transportation on these early turnpikes consisted of freight carrier wagons and passenger stagecoaches. The most common road freight carrier was the Conestoga wagon, a vehicle developed in the mid-eighteenth century by German immigrants in the area around Lancaster, Pennsylvania. It featured large, broad wheels able to negotiate all but the deepest ruts and holes, and its round bottom prevented the freight from shifting on a hill. Covered with canvas and drawn by four to six horses, the Conestoga wagon rivaled the log cabin as the primary symbol of the frontier. Passengers traveled in a variety of stagecoaches, the most common of which had four benches, each holding three persons. It was only a platform on wheels, with no springs; slender poles held up the top, and leather curtains kept out dust and rain.

32. Paragraph 1 discusses early road building in the United States mainly in terms of the
A. popularity of turnpikes
B. financing of new roads
C. development of the interior
D. laws governing road use

33. The word primitive in line 1 is closest in meaning to
A. unsafe
B. unknown
C. inexpensive
D. undeveloped

34. In 1790 most roads connected towns in the interior of the country with
A. other inland communities
B. towns in other states
C. river towns or seaports
D. construction sites

35. The phrase on the threshold of in line 4 and 5 is closest in meaning to
A. in need of
B. in place of
C. at the start of
D. with the purpose of

36. According to the passage, why did states want private companies to help with road building?
A. The states could not afford to build roads themselves.
B. The states were not as well equipped as private companies.
C. Private companies could complete roads faster than the states.
D. Private companies had greater knowledge of the interior.
37. The word it in line 11 refers to
A. legislature
B. company
C. authority
D. payment

38. The word imitation in line 14 is closest in meaning to
A. investment
B. suggestion
C. increasing
D. copying

39. Virginia is mentioned as an example of a state that
A. built roads without tollgates
B. built roads with government money
C. completed 1,500 miles of turnpikes in one year
D. introduced new law restricting road use

40. The large, broad wheels of the Conestoga wagon are mentioned in line 21 as an example of a feature of wagons that was
A. unusual in mid-eighteenth century vehicles
B. first found in Germany
C. effective on roads with uneven surfaces
D. responsible for frequent damage to freight
 

Question 41- 50:
In Death Valley, California, one of the hottest, most arid places in North America, there is much salt, and salt can damage rocks impressively. Inhabitants of areas elsewhere, where streets and highways are salted to control ice, are familiar with the resulting rust and deterioration on cars. That attests to the chemically corrosive nature of salt, but it is not the way salt destroys rocks. Salt breaks rocks apart principally by a process called crystal prying and wedging. This happens not by soaking the rocks in salt water, but by moistening their bottoms with salt water. Such conditions exist in many areas along the eastern edge of central Death Valley. There, salty water rises from the groundwater table by capillary action through tiny spaces in sediment until it reaches the surface.