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TOEFL试题（1）2
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广告招租，e-mail:yesize@hotmail.com versatility of glass
12. What does the author imply about the raw materials used to make glass? 13. According to the passage, how is glass that has cooled and become rigid different from most other rigid substances? 14. The word customarily in line 13 is closest in meaning to 15. The words exposed to in line 19 are closest in meaning to 16. What must be done to release the internal stresses that build up in glass products during manufacture? 17. The word induced in line 21 is closest in meaning to 18. The word it in line 22 refers to 19. According to the passage. why can glass be more easily shaped into specific forms than can metals Question 20-30 A great deal can be learned from the actual traces of ancient human locomotion: the footprints of early hominids. The best-known specimens are the remarkable tracks discovered at Lactoli, Tanzania, by Mary Leaky. These were left by small hominids around 3.6 to 3.75 million years ago, according to potassium – argon dates of the volcanic rocks above and below this level. These hominids walked across a stretch of moist volcanic ash, which was subsequently turned to mud by rain, and which then set like concrete. Examination of he shape of the prints revealed to Mary Leakey that the feet had a raised arch, a rounded heel, a pronounced ball, and a big toe that pointed forward. These features, together with the weight-bearing pressure patterns, resembled the prints of upright-walking modern humans. The pressures exerted along the foot, together with the length of stride, which averaged 87 centimeters, indicated that the hominids had been walking slowly. In short, all the detectable morphological features implied that the feet that left the footprints were very little different from those of contemporary humans. A detailed study has been made of the prints using photogrammetry, a technique for obtaining measurements through photographs, which created a drawing showing all the curves and contours of the prints. The result emphasized that there were at least seven points of similarity with modern bipedal prints, such as the depth of the heel impression, and the deep imprint of the big toe. M Day and E. Wickens also took stereophotographs of the Lactoli prints and compared them with modern prints make by men and women in similar soil conditions. Once again, the results furnished possible evidence of bipedalism. Footprints thus provide us not merely with rare impressions of the soft tissue of early hominids, but also with evidence of upright waling that in many ways is clearer than can be obtained from the analysis of bones. The study of fossil footprints is not restricted to examples from such remote periods. Hundreds of prints are known, for example, in French caves dating from the end of the last ices age, approximately 10,000 years ago. Research by Leon Pales, using detailed silicon resin molds of footprints mostly made by bare feet, has provided information about this period. 20. What does the passage mainly discuss?
22.The age of the Laetoli footprints was estimated by 23.It can be inferred that the footprints in volcanic ash at Laetoli were well preserved because 24. Which or the following is NOT mentioned as a characteristic of the feet in Mary Leakeys fossil find? 25. The word exerted in line 11 is closest in meaning to 26. The figure of 87 centimeters mentioned in line 1 2 refers to the size of the 27. Why does the author mention the heel impression in line 19? 28.The word restricted in line 26 is closest in meaning to 29.What can be inferred about the footprints found in French caves mentioned in the last paragraph? 30.Which of the following terms is defined in the passage?
The livelihood of each species in the vast and intricate assemblage of living things depends on the existences of other organisms. This interdependence is sometimes subtle, sometimes obvious. Perhaps the most straight forward dependence of one species on another occurs with parasites, organisms that live on or in other living things and derive nutrients directly from them. The parasitic way of life is widespread. A multitude of microorganisms( including viruses and bacteria) and an army of invertebrates – or creatures lacking a spinal column (including crustaceans, insects, and many different types of worms ) –make their livings directly at the expense of other creatures. In the face of this onslaught, living things have evolved a variety of defense mechanisms for protecting their bodies from invasion by other organisms. Certain fungi and even some kinds of bacteria secrete substances known as antibiotics into their external environment. These substances are capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of various kinds of bacteria that also occupy the area, thereby eliminating or reducing the competition for nutrients. The same principle is used in defense against invaders in other groups of organisms. For example, when attacked by disease-causing fungi or bacteria, many kinds of plants produce chemicals that help to ward off the invaders. Members of the animal kingdom have developed a variety of defense mechanisms for dealing with parasites. Although these mechanisms vary considerably, all major groups of animals are capable of detecting and reacting to the presence of foreign cells. In fact, throughout the animal kingdom, from sponges to certain types of worms, shellfish, and all vertebrates (creatures possessing a spinal column), there is evidence that transplants of cells or fragments of tissues into an animal are accepted only if they come from genetically compatible or closely related individuals. The ability to distinguish between self and nonself, while present in all animals, is most efficient among vertebrates, which have developed an immune system as their defense mechanism. The immune system recognizes and takes action against foreign invaders and transplanted tissues that are treated as foreign cells. 31. What does the passage mainly discuss? 32. The word intricate iii line 1 is closest in meaning to 33. The expression an army in line 6 is closest in meaning to 34. The expression an army in line 6 is closest in meaning to 35. According to the passage, some organisms produce antibiotics in order to 35.The word vary in line 19 is closest in meaning to 36. The word they in line 23 refers to 37. According to the passage, a transplant of tissue between genetically incompatible organisms will result in the transplanted tissue 38. According to the passage, the ability to distinguish between self and nonself enables vertebrates to 39. All of the following ate defined in the passage EXCEPT 40. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses Question 41-50 The development of jazz can be seen as part of the larger continuum of American popular music, especially dance music. In the twenties, jazz became the hottest new thing in dance music, much as ragtime had at the turn of the century, and as would rhythm and blues in the fifties, rock in the fifties, and disco in the seventies. But two characteristics distinguish jazz from other dance music. The first is improvisation, the changing of a musical phrase according to the players inspiration. Like all artists, jazz musicians strive for an individual style, and the improvise or paraphrased is a jazz musicians main opportunity to display his or her individuality. In early jazz, musicians often improvised melodies collectively, thus creating a kind of polyphony. There was little soloing as such, although some New Orleans players, particularly cornet player Buddy Bolden, achieved local fame for their ability to improvise a solo. Later the idea of the chorus-long or multichorus solo took hold. Louis Armstrongs instrumental brilliance, demonstrated through extended solos, was a major influence in this development. Even in the early twenties, however, some jazz bands had featured soloists. Similarly, show orchestras and carnival bands often included one or two such get-off musicians. Unimproved, completely structured jazz does exist, but the ability of the best jazz musicians to create music of great cohesion and beauty during performance has been a hallmark of the music and its major source of inspiration and change. The second distinguishing characteristic of jazz is a rhythmic drive that was initially called hot and later swing. In playing hot , a musician consciously departs from strict meter to create a relaxed sense of phrasing that also emphasizes the underlying rhythms.(Rough tone and use of moderate vibrato also contributed to a hot sound .) Not all jazz is hot, however, many early bands played unadorned published arrangements of popular songs. Still, the proclivity to play hot distinguished the jazz musician from other instrumentalists. 41. The passage answers which of the following questions? 42. Which of the following preceded jazz as a popular music for dancing? 43. According to the passage, jazz musicians are able to demonstrate their individual artistry mainly by? 44. Which of the following was the function of get-off musicians (line 16)? 45. The word cohesion in line 18 is closest in meaning to 46. The word initially in line 20 is closest in meaning to
48. The word unadorned in line 24 is closest in meaning to 49. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage? 50. The topic of the passage is developed primarily by means of
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