1. --- a major role in future planetary exploration.
(A)Robots will surely play
(B)Robots, which will surely play
(C)Because robots will surely be playing
(D)Surely robots, which will be playing

2. Unlike the owl, bats cannot see very well, but they do have---.
(A)it hears very well
(B)very good to hear
(C)tearing very well
(D)very good hearing

3.Comparatively few clues in the United Slates have competing newspapers today, a major change from 1900 --- more than two newspapers.
(A)because then most large cities having
(B)when did most large cities have
(C)then most large cities that had
(D)when most large cities had

4.Witch hazel extract, --- distilled from the bark and twigs of the witch hazel shrub, has been utilized in medicine.
(A) is
(B) when to be
(C)which is
(D)has been

5. --- touching in O. Henrys stories is the gallantry with which ordinary people struggle to maintain their dignity.
(A) Most is
(B) It mostly is
(C) Is it most
(D) What is most

6. The face of the Moon is changed by collisions with meteoroids, --- new craters to appear.
(A) cause
(B) causing
(C) caused
(D) have cause

7. Social scientists believe that --- from sounds such as grunts and barks made by early ancestors of human beings.
(A) the very slow development of language
(B) language developed very slowly
(C) language which,, was very slow to develop
(D) language, very slowly developing

8. --- substances include various forms of silica, pumice, and emery.
(A) Natural abrasives occur
(B) Abrasion occurs in natural
(C) Naturally occurring abrasive
(D) A natural occurrence of abrasion

9. --- in the upper part of their long1 thin legs all9w deer to run swiftly and jump far.
(A) Muscles are powerful
(B) There are powerful muscles
(C) The powerful muscles that
(D) Powerful muscles

10. Geophysicists have collaborated with archaeologists and anthropologists to study the magnetic properties of pottery and fireplaces at sites ----- by early humans.
(A) occupied
(B) occupying
(C) which occupy
(D) were occupied

11. --- technically proficient; it also explores psychological questions.
(A) Not only is Barbara Astmans artwork
(B) Not only Barbara Asimans artwork
(C) Barbara Astman1s artwork,, which is not only
(D) Barbara Astmans artwork not only

12. Although Canadas Parliament can neither administer or enforce laws initiate policy, it does have the power to make laws and vote on the allocation of funds.
(A) not
(B) nor
(C) and
(D)either

13. Willa Cather considered her novel of life in nineteenth-century Nebraska, My Antonia,---
(A) was her best work
(B) her best work
(C) her best work it was
(D) being her best work

14.First designated in 1970, Earth Day has become an annual international event concerns about environmental issues such as pollution.
(A) dedicated to raising
(B) dedicated raising
(C) dedicates to raise
(D) that dedicates to raising

15. In 1992 Albert Gore, Jr., the son of a former United States senator, became Vice President of the United States.
(A) who was the forty-fifth
(B) and the forty-fifth
(C) the forty-fifth
(E) he was the forty-fifth

16. Although Christopher Columbus failed in his (A) original goal, the discoveries(B) hedid make were as(C) Important than the route to Asia he expected(D) to find.

17. Martha Graham, a (A)leading figure in modern dance, made she(B) debut in (C)1920 with(D) the Denishawn School.

18. In the United States, the federal government (A) is responsible to(B) regulating the working conditions(C) in factories(D).

19. Jupiter is(A) a gaseous planet with(B) an atmosphere composed most(C) of hydrogen and(D) helium.

20. Throughout her career(A) Georgia OKeeffe paid(B) meticulous attention to her craft;her brushes were always(C) clean, her colors fresh and brightness(D).

21. Hydrogen the nine (A) most abundant element in the Earths crust(B), is an(C) odorless, colorless, and tasteless(D) gas.

22. Salamanders are frequently (A) to be find(B) in moist(C), wooded(D) areas.

23. Steam engines have been replaced (A) in most(B) cases by(C) more economical and efficiency(D) devices, such as the electric motor.

24. Traditionally(A), the Fourth of July is celebrated(B) in the United States with political speeches, picnics, and most important of all(C), a displayed(D) of fireworks at night.

25. The style of used (A) in cartoon animation range from relatively(B) realistic representations of everyday life to the most romantic and impossible fantasy(D).

26. Ordinary(A) beaver dams vary(B) in length from a few feet(C) to a hundred feel ormore than(D).

27. In the United State, presidential elections(A) are held(B) once every(C) four year(D).

28.Except of (A) the freehand toe, the feet(B) of the(C) gull are fully(D) webbed.

29. Teaching machines are devices that can store instructionally(A) information,present displays, receive(B) responses from a learner(C), and act on those(D) responses.

30. Challotte Perkins Gilman Is known primarily (A) as an author of short(B) stories, but she also wrote an influential book argued(C) for equal(D) economic opportunities for women.

31. In some areas(A) of the United States, unfavorable climate or(B) soil make farming(C)an impossible(D) task.

32. Naturalists have identified(A) at least four hundred of species(B) of mammals andsix hundred types of birds(C) in the state of(D) California.

33. Instead of tooth(A), the blue whale has a row(B) of bony plates in its(C) mouththat functions as(D) a food-collecting device.

34. Murres are black-and-white driving(A) birds that mate every five or six years and lay(B) only a single(C) egg at time(D).
>35. A bar code consists(A) a pattern of lines(B) and bars that(C) a computer can translateinto information(D).

36. Hummingbirds are(A) the only(B) birds(C) that can fly to backwards(D).

37. Fluorine, a greenish-yellow gas that is slightly heavy(A) than air is poisonous(B)and corrosive and has a penetrating and disagreeable(D) odor.

38. The Everglades, a large swamp area(A) is an(B) unique wilderness(C) extending over much(D) of southern Florida.

39. Each year(A) millions of tons(B) of fertile topsoil that could(C) produce good crops washed(D) away by rains.

40. Since the(A) 1950s, folk music has had(B) a significant(C) influence on many(D) popular
vocal and instrumental music.

C

Questions 1-11

Before the 1500s, the western plains of North America were dominated by farmers. One group, the Mandans, lived in the upper Missouri River country, primarily in present-day North Dakota. They had large villages of houses built close together. The tight arrangement enabled the Mandans to protect themselves more easily from the attacks of others who might seek to obtain some of the food these highly capable farmers stored from one year to the next.

The women had primary responsibility for the fields. They had to exercise considerable skill to produce the desired results, for their northern location meant fleeting growing seasons. Winter often lingered; autumn could be ushered in by severe frost. For good measure, during the spring and summer, drought, heat, hail, grasshoppers, and other frustrations might await the wary grower.

Under such conditions, Mandan women had to grow maize capable of weathering adversity. They began as early as it appeared feasible to do so in the spring. clearing the land, using fire to clear stubble from the fields and then planting. From this point until the first green corn could be harvested, the crop required labor and vigilance.

Harvesting proceeded in two stages. In August the Mandans picked a smaller amount of the crop before it had matured fully. This green corn was boiled, dried, and shelled, with some of the maize slated for immediate consumption and the rest stored in animal-skin bags. Later in the fall, the people picked corn. They saved the best of the harvest for seeds or for trade, with the remainder eaten right away or stored for later use in underground reserves. With appropriate banking of the extra food, the Mandans protected themselves against the disaster of crop failure and accompanying hunger.

The women planted another staple, squash, about the first of June, and harvested it near the time of the green corn harvest. After they picked it, they sliced it, dried it, and strung the slices before they stored them. Once again, they saved the seed from the best of the years crop. The Mandans also grew sunflowers and tobacco; the latter was the particular task of the old men.

1. The Mandans built their houses close together in order to
(A) guard their supplies of food
(B) protect themselves against the weather
(C) allow more room for growing corn
(D) share farming implements

2. The word enabled in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A)covered
(B) reminded
(C)helped
(D)isolated

3.The word considerable in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) planning
(B) much
(C) physical
(D) flew

4.Why does the author believe that the Mandans were skilled farmers?
(A) They developed effective fertilizers.
(B) They developed new varieties of corn.
(C) They could grow crops in most types of soil.
(D) They could grow crops despite adverse weather.

5. Tile word consumption in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) decay
(B) planting
(C) eating
(D) conversion

6. Which of the following processes does the author imply was done by both men and women?
(A) Clearing fields
(B) Planting corn
(C) Harvesting corn
(D) harvesting squash.

7. The word disaster in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A)control
(B)catastrophe
(C)avoidance
(D)history

8. According to the passage, the Mandans preserved their food by
(A)smoking
(B)drying
(C)freezing.
(D)salting

9. The word it in line 25 refers to
(A)June
(B)corn
(C)time
(D)squash

10. Which of the following crops was cultivated primarily by men
(A) Corn
(B)Squash
(C)Sunflower
(D)Tobacco

11. Throughout the passage, the author implies that the Mandans
(A)planned for the future
(B) valued individuality
(C)were open to strangers
(D)were very adventurous

Questions 12-20

The elements other than hydrogen and helium exist In such small quantities that it is accurate to say that the universe somewhat more than 25 percent helium by weight and somewhat less than 25 percent hydrogen.

Astronomers have measured the abundance of helium throughout our galaxy and in other galaxies as well. Helium has been found In old stars, in relatively young ones, in interstellar gas, and in the distant objects known as quasars. Helium nuclei have also been found to be constituents of cosmic rays that fall on the earth (cosmic rays are not really a form of radiation; they consist of rapidly moving particles of numerous different kinds). It doesnt seem to make very much difference where the helium is found. Its relative abundance never seems to vary much. In some places, there may be slightly more of it; In others, slightly less, but the ratio of helium to hydrogen nuclei always remains about the same.

Helium is created in stars. In fact, nuclear reactions that convert hydrogen to helium are responsible for most of the energy that stars produce. However, the amount of helium that could have been produced in this manner can be calculated, and it turns out to be no more than a few percent. The universe has not existed long enough for this figure to he significantly greater. Consequently, if the universe is somewhat more than 25 percent helium now, then it must have been about 25 percent helium at a time near the beginning..

However, when the universe was less than one minute old, no helium could have existed. Calculations indicate that before this time temperatures were too high and particles of matter were moving around much too rapidly. It was only after the one-minute point that helium could exist. By this time, the universe had cooled sufficiently that neutrons and protons could stick together. But the nuclear reactions that led to the formation of helium went on for only a relatively short time. By the time the universe was a few minutes old, helium production had effectively ceased.

12. what does the passage mainly explain?
(A)How stars produce energy
(B)The difference between helium and hydrogen
(C)When most of the helium in the universe was formed
(D)Why hydrogen is abundant

13. According to the passage, helium is
(A) the second-most abundant element in the universe
(B) difficult to detect
(C) the oldest element in the universe
(D) the most prevalent element in quasars

14. The word constituents in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) relatives
(B) causes
(C)components
(D) targets

15. Why does the author mention cosmic rayst in line 7?
(A)As part of a list of things containing helium
(B) As an example of an unsolved astronomical puzzle
(C) To explain how the universe began
(D) To explain the abundance of hydrogen in the universe

16. The word vary in line 10 is closest ill meaning to
(A) mean
(B) stretch
(C) change
(D) include

17. The creation of helium within stars
(A) cannot be measured
(B) produces energy
(C) produces hydrogen as a by-product
(D) causes helium to be much more abundant In old stars than In young star:

18. The word calculated in line 15 i