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新东方TOEFL复习笔记（第二部分：语法笔记）5
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广告招租，e-mail:yesize@hotmail.com 5． Inf的其它形式： 1）将来式： 主动：be to do 被动：be to be done eg: China is to be one of the most important countries in the new century. * to be done & done的区别： the surface to be glaued 表将来 the surface glwed 表完成 2）完成式： 主动：to have done 被动：to have been done 表示不定式的动作发生在谓语前 eg: I am glad to see you again. 动作同时发生 I am glad to have seen his sons yesterday. am glad表示现在的动作 to have seen表示昨天的动作 3）The problem is easy to solve. The problem is difficult to carry out. 在easy difficult hard simple等形容词后的不定式主动表示被动 六、形容词的比较级与最高级：（讲义 P4 74-81） 考点：形容词的词性混用，两个近义形容词的混用（small pressure→low pressure）(讲义P22 92.5.36)，原级、比价级和最高级的混用，词序问题。 1．形容词的比较级与最高级形式上的重复： eg: more sreater X most easiest X lesser…than X 2．形容词比较级与最高级的混用： ⑴more… of all +n(pl)/in the world/among… 这里的more错，more→most ⑵most…than X → more…than eg: Pennsylvania has the more institutions of higher learning than any other state. ⑶常考的修饰比价级的词： a little a bit slightly far (more) much (more) still (more than) a lot (more than) eg: be much abundant in…X → very so much close to …X → very much&very：much修饰比较级，very修饰原级，不可以互换 very/much…be much attracted by…√ ⑷形容词原级与比较级的混用： adj原级…than X → adj.比较级 less+原级…+than as+原级+as 同级比较 ⑸the most often X → most / very often more conect X more perfect X 绝对/极限形容词或者副词，没有比较级、最高级，如：round vertail othen perfect unique empty wrong absolutely等 例外：the most perfect √ 表示极其完美之意，由口语引入到书面语 ⑹倍数表达法： a 倍数+as+a.原级+as Tom is three times as old as Jerry. （Tom的年龄是Jerry的三倍） The care is threee times as deep as the building is high. b 倍数+more than Tom is twice older than Jerry.. c 倍数+n.+of （名词为比较的方面） Tom is three times the age of Jerry. d 倍数+that / those of His weight is three times that of mine. That of=as much as ⑺定冠词the与比较级的关系： Alarska has the lower temperture than Texas. X →Alarska has lower temperture than Texas. *比较级前可以加the,.但得有对照，比如：the newer…the older… eg: The taller boy is much more attractive than the shorten one. *the +adj-er+of+the two +pl. eg: Tom is the taller of the two boys. Joans is the fatter of the two girlsfriends of Bill’s. ⑻the与最高级的关系： a Flies live longest in cold weather 副词最高级前通常没有the b 当形容词最高级做前置定语修饰名词时，加the the largest school c 当形容词最高级做后置定语时，不加the a design most similar to that one d 形容词最高级做表语时，the可加可不加 This is where the river is deepest. The consumers considers the best fmit (to be) that which is the most acteacture. that=that fruit，代词 e 所有格可以代替the修饰最高级（讲义 P4 81） f earliest的三种用法： 1）“早期”，n. … from the earliest of Tang Dynasty. 2）形容词原级，“很早，非常早” from earliest times/ages 从远古年代 （可以不加the） 3）形容词最高级 the earliest language(s) is/are… ⑼…or more结构 thirty-five years of age be older X → thirty-five years of age or older 一英尺以上：an inch or more √ an inch or more than X an inch or be in more X 七、平行结构（讲义P4 87-89） 由平衡连接词连接的两个以上的对等对象构成 ㈠平衡连接词： 1． 单一式：and but or 2． 短语式：as well as other than rather than instead of would rather…than instead of 3． 相关式：from…to between…and not…but from…until either…or （引导从句） weather…or(引导从句) such as as…as the same as not only…but also neither…nor ㈡平行式： 1．A and B not A but B A as well as B… 2．A, B ,and /or C（常考） A,B,as well as C 3．A, B and C（不常考） ㈢平行的性质：一致性问题 1．词性平行（讲义P4 84） city and regional planning *在平行结构中，词性必须一致，但是无同义形容词的名词例外，如city没有同 义词（urban不表示“城市的”意思“） eg:local, state, and national government 2．时态平行：时间决定时态，在平行结构中，时态可以不一致也可以不一致， 如果时间相同，则时态同；时间不同，时态也可以不同。 3．单复数平行：在平行结构中，单复数可以一致也可以不一致，一致与否取决 于客观事实及上下文 4． 结构形式的平行：a.+n doing to do v+obj done 5． 语意的平行： Dallas,Texas,has become a international hub of bank,fashion.manufaturing and transportation. X →bank改为banking (讲义 P20 89.8.35) 6．排列位置的平行： 主语 not only 谓语 but also 谓语 not only+主谓（倒装）+but also 谓语 X → Not only 主谓（倒装）+but also +主谓 √ 八、词性的混用（25条改错中占6-8条）（讲义 90-96） 1． 做表语：n / adj / ad的混用： 表语：限定词+n. / 形容词 / 分词 / 介词+n，可做表语 ⑴be+ad. X → be + adj. √ ad,永远不做表语。 ⑵be+n.（抽象）→ be+adj. 抽象名词永远不做表语 eg: The books are no use. X 抽象名词不做表语 have no use.√ are not useful.√ are of no use.√ prep+of+抽象名词=形容词 ⑶be+n+prep→ be+adj+prep be fame for X → be famous for √ ⑷are typical concerned with X → are concerned with be +表语，表语唯一原则，只能用一个表语，出现两个表语，要把一个改为副 词： be completed closed X → be completely closed 2．做定语，名词与动名词的混用 原则：同义名词比动名词优先 eg: food supplying X time and laboring X 名词与动名词的区别：（讲义 P5 96） 名词做宾语，其后不可以接宾语。动名词做宾语，其后可以带宾语。 *动名词前可加the，但加the后变成纯粹的名词，因此其后不可以加宾语，常接 of eg: the learning of English the making of any work of art 3．状语引导词与近义介词或者副词的混用： 1）when / which（连词+时间状语）与during / in（介词+宾语）的混用。 *when/which+n.（孤立）X 例外：When/Which (he was) a young man, Humin had several books published.
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