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我为托福学语法
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广告招租，e-mail:yesize@hotmail.com 我为托福学语法(1) ]托福应试应学习和掌握的语法知识包括： 一、句子分类与句子成分： 1、句子的两种分类方法： 1）陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句 2）简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句 2、英语的句子成分：主、谓、宾、表、定、状、主补、宾补、同位语。 二、词法要点： 1、名词的数与格（重点是可数与不可数） 2、代词的分类（重点是不定代词和关系代词） 3、形容词、副词的原级、比较级与最高级 4、基数词与序数词的基本用法 5、定冠词、不定冠词、零冠词（重点是定冠词的特殊用法） 6、副词的分类 三、谓语动词的三大属性： 1、时态（共16种，其中10种常用） 2、语态（共2种，重点是被动语态的使用语境） 3、语气（重点是虚拟语气，包括if 条件句、“命令”“建议”、wish等五种情形） 四、非谓语动词： 1、动词不定式作主、宾、表、定、状、补 2、分词作表、定、状、补 3、动名词作主、宾、表、定 五、介词短语： 1、介词分类：简单介词、合成介词、短语介词 2、介词短语作状语、定语、表语、补语 六、从句： 1、名词性从句： 1）宾语从句 2）主语从句 3）表语从句 4）同位语从句 2、形容词性从句，即定语从句 3、副词性从句，即状语从句（原因、结果、目的、时间、地点、让步、比较、条件） 七、其他： 1、否定与部分否定 2、省略 3、语序与倒装 我为托福学语法（２） 一、句子分类： １、按话语目的，可将英语句子分为四类： １）陈述句(Declarative Sentences)： That’s a good idea. China has a larger population than any other country in the world. English is taught in almost every high school in China. Chinese and English are different in many ways. ２）疑问句(Interrogative Sentences)： Do you have a better idea? Have you come up with a better idea? What would you do if you were in my shoes? Moderate drinking does not do harm to people’s health, does it? Haven’t you ever been abroad before? How often do you email your friend in England? ３）祈使句(Imperative Sentences)： Wait a moment, please. Mind your own business, man. Please rephrase your question. Stay where you are. Don’t keep us waiting too long. Come in and make yourself comfortable. Let’s drop this controversial topic. ４）感叹句(Exclamatory Sentences)： What a nice day (it is)! Great! Marvelous! How lucky you are to have this opportunity to study in London! ２、按语句结构，可将英语句子分为三类： １）简单句(Simple Sentences)：只包含一个主谓结构，各成分均由单词或短语表示。 ２）并列句(Compound Sentences)：由两个或更多简单句并列而成，可用并列连词或分号／冒号连接。 ３）复合句(Complex Sentences)：由两个或更多简单句构成，有至少两个主谓结构，有“主从”之分。通常一个复合句包含一个或更多由从句表示的成分。 １）简单句(Simple Sentences)：只包含一个主谓结构，各成分均由单词或短语表示。 The United Nations Security Council voted for a resolution requiring the Iraqi regime to declare and destroy all weapons of mass destruction or face the consequences. The resolution presents the Iraqi regime with a final test. The Iraqi regime must allow immediate and unrestricted access to every site, every document and every person identified by inspectors. Republicans and Democrats in Congress are strongly supporting our war against terror. American workers deserve Congressional action on these important economic issues. So I will work with our new Congress to pass a growth and jobs package early next year. Our nation has important challenges ahead, at home and abroad. We’re determined to build the security and prosperity of America. Manufacturers produce a wide range of different types of clothing to meet almost every consumer desire. ２）并列句(Compound Sentences)：由两个或更多简单句并列而成，可用并列连词或分号／冒号连接。 Our economy has come out of a recession and it’s growing. Over 20,000 viewers voted in the BBC’s "50 Places to See Before You Die" survey, and none of the dream locations is to be found in Britain. They are still making movies in Hollywood and people watch them all over the world. I raised my voice but few people in the room paid attention to me. Born in 1902, Langston Hughes attended secondary school in cleveland, Ohio, and in 1921 published his first poem. Bears will not usually attack a man unless provoked, but a she-bear with cubs is not afraid of anyone. English is not a headache for me; it is a hobby. The vice-president made a surprising announcement: he would resign in a week despite his growing popularity! ３）复合句(Complex Sentences)：由两个或更多简单句构成，有至少两个主谓结构，有“主从”之分。通常一个复合句包含一个或更多由从句表示的成分。 Here at home, our citizens voted in an election I believe will strengthen our ability to get things done for the American people. （含有定语从句） With the United Nations Security Council resolution passed yesterday, the world has now come together to say that the outlaw regime in Iraq will not be permitted to build or possess chemical, biological or nuclear weapons. （含有宾语从句） Iraq can be certain that the old game of cheat-and-retreat, tolerated at other times, will no longer be tolerated. （含有特殊状语从句） Any act of delay or defiance will be an additional breach of Iraq’s international obligations, and a clear signal that the Iraqi regime has once again abandoned the path of voluntary compliance. （含有同位语从句） If Iraq fails to fully comply with the U.N. resolution, the United States, in coalition with other nations, will disarm Saddam Hussein. （含有条件状语从句） The single most important item of unfinished business on Capitol Hill is to create a unified Department of Homeland Security that will vastly improve our ability to protect our borders, our coasts and our communities. （含有定语从句） The Senate must pass a bill that will strengthen our ability to protect the American people and preserve the authority every President since John Kennedy has had to act in the interests of national security. （含有定语从句） We also have a responsibility to strengthen the economy so that people can find jobs. （含有目的状语从句） One immediate thing Congress can do to help put people to work is to pass legislation so that construction projects can get insurance against terrorism at a reasonable price. （含有定语从句和目的状语从句） This will spur construction and create thousands of good hard-hat jobs that are now on hold, because projects without insurance cannot be built. （含有定语从句和原因状语从句） At a time when we’re at war, at a time when we need to strengthen our economy, Congress must control wasteful spending while funding the nation’s priorities. （含有定语从句） I’m not satisfied, because I know we can do better. （含有原因状语从句和宾语从句） I want the economy to grow at a faster and stronger pace, so more Americans can find jobs. （含有目的状语从句） * 并列复合句（由并列句与复合句组成的句子）： Iraq must now, without delay or negotiations, give up its weapons of mass destruction, welcome full inspections and fundamentally change the approach it has taken for more than a decade. 二、句子成分： １、概述（汉英比较）： １） 现代汉语的句子成分包括： 主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语 现代英语的句子成分包括： 主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语（宾补和主补）、表语、*同位语 ２） 现代汉语的词类共１１种： 名词、动词、形容词、数词、量词、代词、副词、介词、连词、助词、感叹词 现代英语的词类共种１０种： 名词、动词、形容词、数词、冠词、代词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词 ２、英语句子成分的常见表现形式： １）主语：是句子所谈的对象（人或事物），可充当主句的结构名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、从句。 ２）宾语：跟在及物动词或介词后面的名词性结构，可表现为名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、从句。［注意：宾语分为“单宾语”、“双宾语”、“复合宾语”三种情形。］ ３）谓语：即说明主语情况的部分，分为“简单谓语”和“复合谓语”。“简单谓语”由一个动词、动词短语或成语动词构成；“复合谓语”分为“情态动词＋不带to的不定式”、“动词＋不定式”、“系动词＋表语”三种情形。 ４）表语：置于系动词之后，实际上是谓语的一部分；分为名词性（名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、从句）、形容词性（形容词、分词）和副词性（副词、介词短语）等三种。 ５）定语：用于修饰或限定名词的成分，可表现为形容词、分词、代词、数词、名词、名词所有格、不定式、动名词、副词、从句等。 ６）状语：用于修饰动词、形容词或副词的成分，可表现为副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、形容词、从句（原因、结果、目的、时间、地点、让步、比较、条件、方式等）。 ７）补语：分为“主语补足语”和“宾语补足语”，在句子语态转换时宾补和主补会自然地彼此转换。被补充说明的成分（主语或宾语）与补语之间往往有逻辑上（而非结构上）的“主谓关系”。补语可由名词、形容词、分词、不定式、介词短语等充当。 我为托福学语法（３） 一、名词的数（英语中的名词可分为可数名词与不可数名词，可数名词有单数和复数两种形式；单数变复数的规则是在词尾加-s或-es）： １、有些名词形式上是复数但意义却为单数： １）学科名称：mathematics, linguistics, politics, economics, astronautics, etc. ２）比赛名称：billiards, checkers, fives, etc. ３）疾病名称：rickets, mumps, measles, etc. ４）专有名词：the United States, the United Nations, Naples, Athens, Philippines, etc. ２、由两部分组织的物品通常用复数形式： trousers, pants, shorts, pajamas, braces, breeches; scissors, shears, pincers, spectacles, etc. 这些复数形式的名词作主语时，谓语动词须用复数形式，但如果前有a (goo) pair of，谓语动词则用单数形式。例如： His spectacles are much more expensive than mine. A (good) pair of scissors is on the kitchen table. ３、不加-s的复数名词有两种： １）须加定冠词的集合名词： the police, the nobility, the peasantry, etc. ２）不须加冠词的集合名词： people, fish, cattle, poultry, vermin, etc. ４、作主语的集合名词(collective nouns)指单一的集合体时，谓语动词须用单数动词；指个别的组成成分时，谓语动词则用复数形式。例如： My family is a pretty large one. His class was a compact one. My family are all fond of music. His class were said to have done fairly well in the final exams. ５、名词的转用： １）抽象名词转作普通名词用： She has done me a kindness ( = an act of kindness ). ２）物质名词转作普通名词用： They sell tobaccos and teas in that marketplace. ３）专有名词转作普通名词用： His wife is a Roach ( = a member of the Roach family). ６、抽象名词的惯用法： １）of + 抽象名词 = 形容词：of use = useful, a thing of value = a valuable thing, of interest = interesting, of help = helpful, of importance = important Your opinion is of great importance to us. I’d be glad if I could be of some help to you. ２）抽象名词 + itself = all + 抽象名词 = very + 形容词： She is sweetness itself. = She is all sweetness. = She is very sweet. Her idea was brilliance itself. = Her idea was all brilliance. = Her idea was very brilliant. 二、名词的格（主格、宾格、所有格，重点是所有格）： １、所有格的表现形式和用法： １）表示人或动物的名词在词尾加 ’s 或 ’ ： Ａ. 单数名词 + ’s ： the boy’s new toy; the girl’s favorite doll; the dog’s ears Ｂ. 以s结尾的复数名词 + ’ ： girls’ school; a teachers’ college; the horses’ tails Ｃ. 不以s尾的复数名词 + ’s ： women’s right to vote; men’s club; media’s influence; people’s needs ２）无生命的名词的所有格通常用of介词短语表示： the title of the book; the main idea of his speech; the ceiling of the room 例外Ａ：表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格的名词： a week’s holiday; today’s China Daily; ten minutes’ walk; 45 minutes’s bus ride; at a stone’s throw, etc. 例外Ｂ：拟人化的名词： fortune’s cruelty; science’s magic power; heaven’s will, etc. 例外Ｃ：sake之前的名词及其他惯用语： for God’s sake; to one’s heart’s content; at one’s wit’s end, etc. 例外Ｄ：人和动物的所有格也可用of短语表示： the parents of the smart boy = the boy’s parents ３）复合名词或名词短语的所有格是在最后的一个词后加 ’s ： my sister-in-law’s boyfriend; an hour and a half’s discussion ２、所有格后名词省略的情形： １）为了避免重复： a girl friend of my brother’s ( girl friends ) an invention of Mr. Johnson’s ( inventions ) ２）被所有格修饰的名词是house, shop, church, home等常见的建筑物时： He spent a happy and memorable vacation at his auntie’s (house). You can get this medicine at a chemist’s (shop). ３、双重所有格： 当a/an, this, these, that, those, some, any, no... 等词与所有格名词修饰同一个名词时，两者不能同时置于该名词前面，须用“双重所有格”的形式： ａ（ｔｈｉｓ，ｔｈａｔ……）＋名词＋ｏｆ＋所有格名词 A daughter of Mrs. Black’s arrived at the party without an invitation. A novel of his wife’s is said to have been translated into six languages and published in over four dozen countries. 三、名词和名词短语可充当的句子成分（略）： 主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语、状语、补语 四、练习题： 1. Work in parapsychology, __________ , has attracted a relatively small number of scientists. (A) is a very controversial field (B) which a very controversial field (C) a very controversial field (D) a field very controversial which is 2. George Washington and Thomas Jefferson were __________ of the American Revolution. (A) leaders were both prominent (B) both leaders prominent (C) both prominent leaders (D) prominent leaders, that were 3. __________ photosynthesis is the ultimate source of food for almost all organisms on earth. (A) It is an extremely important process (B) An extremely important process, it is (C) That an extremely important process as (D) An extremely important process, 4. Perhaps the primary __________ of adult education was industrialization, which accelerated the pace of socioeconomic change. (A) causes growth (B) cause of the growth (C) cause was growing (D) caused the growing 5. "What did you see?" "We saw __________ police there." (A) many (B) much (C) little (D) the 6. __________ is October the first. (A) The China’s National Day (B) The Day of the Chinese National Independence (C) Chinese’s National Day (D) China’s National Day 7. "Would you mind waiting?" "Four months ______ too long for us to wait." (A) is (B) are (C) were (D) was 8. Vaporization is connection with general __________ has a marked effect on long-term climate. (A) atmospheric conditions that (B) conditions are atmospheric (C) are atmospheric conditions (D) atmospheric conditions 9. "What can I do for you, miss?" "I want __________ ." (A) a dollar’s worth of candy (B) candy a dollar’s worth (C) a dollar worth of candy (D) a dollar-worth candy 10. "What on earth is that?" "Don’t you know? That’s a whale, __________ ." (A) largest world’s mammal (B) the world’s largest mammal (C) a largest mammal in the world (D) largest mammal of the world 我为托福学语法（４） 一、初识代词（pronouns）： １、代词分类： １）人称代词（personal nouns）： 主格：I, we, you, he, she, it, they 宾格：me, us, you, him, her, it, them ２）物主代词（possessive pronouns）： 形容词性：my, our, your, his, her, its, their 名词性： mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs ３）反身代词（self pronouns）： myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves ４）相互代词（reciprocal pronouns）： each other, one another ５）指示代词（demonstrative pronouns）： this, that, these, those, such, same ６）疑问代词（interrogative pronouns）： who, whom, which, whose, what ７）关系代词（relative pronouns）： who, whom, whose, which, that, as ８）不定代词（indefinite pronouns）： some, any, no, every; someone, anyone, no one, everyone; somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody; something, anything, nothing, everything; all, both, either, neither, other, another, many, much, each, a few, few, a little, little ... [ 注：代词的学习重点是不定代词，尤其需要了解 some 与 any、 other 与 another、 each 与 every、 no one 与 none等四组不定代词的差别；如果你不知道它们有什么区别，找本语法书来看看；如果你已经了解它们的区别，请接着往下学。] ２、代词可充当的句子成分：主语、宾语、表语、定语。（略） 二、关于形容词（adjectives）的几个问题： １、多个形容词作前置定语时的顺序问题： 不同种类的形容词用来修饰同一名词时，其排列顺序大致如下： [代词形容词+数量形容词+性状形容词+名词] 再细分成为： （1）放在冠词前的“形容词”，如：all, both, such... （2）冠词、指示代词、物主代词、不定代词，如：the, a, this, that, your, my, some, any... （3）序数词，如：first, second, third ... （4）基数词，如：one, two, three ... （5）表示性质/状态的形容词，如：good, find, kind, nice, sweet ... （6）表示大小/长短/形状的形容词，如：large, small, big, long, short, round, square... （7）表示新旧/温度的形容词，如：old, new, hot, cold... （8）表示颜色的形容词，如：red, blue, black, gray, crimson ... （9）表示国籍/地域的形容词，如：American, English, Chinese, Japanese, French... （10）表示材质的形容词，如：iron, steel, brick, stone, clay, plastic ... （11）表示用途/目的/类别的形容词，如：medical, writing, walking... （12）名词/动名词 例如： your second boyfriend the clear blue morning sky an expensive old Spanish writing desk all these intelligent and industrious young British men and women ２、没有比较级和最高级的“特殊”形容词： 形容词一般有比较级和最高级，但有的形容词因本身已具有最高级的意义而一般不用来比较。常见的有： （1）表示“完全/特别”意义的词： final 最终的 fatal 致命的 hopeless 无望的，绝望的 fatherless 没有父亲的 homeless 无家可归的 almighty 全能的 universal 普遍的，通用的 unanimous 全体一致的，一致同意的 complete 完整的 entire 完整的 total 全部的 perfect 完美的 unprecedented 史无前例的，空前的 （2）表示“主次/极限”的词： chief 主要的，首席的 major 主要的，重大的 main 主要的 principal 主要的 extreme 极限的，极端的 inferior 低等的，下级的 superior 高级的，上级的，优越的 junior 年幼的，职位较低的 senior 年长的，资深的，职位较高的 maximum 最大的 minimum 最小的 utmost 极度的 supreme 至高的，至上的，无上的 [注意] 有少数形容词以 -or 结尾，源于拉丁语词汇，表示比较时须用 to 而不用 than，如： superior, inferior, senior, junior, anterior, prior, posterior, major, minor This computer is inferior to that one in quality. We received no notification prior to the date previously agreed upon by both parties. ３、形容词和形容词短语可充当的句子成分：定语、表语、状语、补语。（略） 三、关于副词（adverbs）的若干问题： １、副词的位置与顺序： 常用副词的位置时常变动，但有一定规律，如： (1) 时间副词 (a)常见的时间副词位置，如： He came to school late yesterday.(首位或末位) Then he left home.(首位或末位) She still dislike him.(中位) He hasn’t finished it yet.(末位) He has ever been to Beijing.(中位，常用于完成时态) (b)now的位置 Now She is very happy.(首位) She is now very happy.(中位) She is very happy now.(末位) (c)never的位置 Tom never went to see his wife.(在行为动词之前) Tom has never been to China.(在第一个助动词后) Tom is never late for school.(在系动词后) 属于这一类的副词还有often,sometimes,always,usually,already,nearly,almost等。often被quite或very修饰时可放于首位或末位。如：We don’t fight very often. (2) 地点副词 地点副词一般放在末位，如句中同时有时间和地点副词，地点副词一般在前，时间副词在后。如： They went to the Summer Palace last week. (3) 修饰动词的方式副词有以下几种情况 (a)一般放在句尾。如：It rained heavily.He speaks English well. (b)也可放在被修饰词前。如：The visitors were warmly welcomed by the students. (c)如果宾语较长，也可放在动词和宾语之间。如：All this morning I have been writing carefully some letters to my friends. (4) 程度副词的位置 像very,too,rather,quite等程度副词，总是放在所修饰词的前面，但enough除外。如：Do you think her radio is too loud? (5) 连续几个副词在同一句中的排列顺序 They played fairly well there yesterday. 程度→状态→地点→时间→ ２、几个常见副词的意义： 有些副词容易混淆，如： (1) much和very very用来修饰形容词和副词，但不能直接修饰动词，修饰动词要用much或very much。如： I’m very glad to hear that. I like fish very much. very用来修饰形容词的原级，much修饰形容词的比较级。如： He is very tall. He is much taller than his father. very用来修饰动词ing形式；much修饰-ed分词。但形容词化了的-ed分词，可用very修饰。如： I was much surprised at the news. This news is very surprising. (2) fairly, pretty, entirely, utterly, very,quite和rather，都可以修饰形容词或副词以表示程度。从语气强弱上说，由强至弱的顺序是：entirely/utterly --> very --> rather --> quite/pretty/fairly。 rather多用于修饰贬义形容词或副词， quite;rather可置于不定冠词a之前， 但very只可置于不定冠词a后，如： It was quite a good idea. It’s a very nice horse. (3) 常用的频度副词/短语（按频度由高到低排列，百分比仅供参考）： always (100%) every time (100%) usually (>=80%) frequently (70%) often (70%) from time to time (40%) sometimes (30%) now and then (30%) once in a while (30%) occasionally , (<30%) seldom (<20%) hardly/rarely/scarcely (<10%) never (0%) ３、副词的功用（可充当的句子成份）：状语、定语、补语、介词宾语。(略)
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