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否定句式在汉译英中的常见错误及分析
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广告招租，e-mail:yesize@hotmail.com 英语和汉语在否定的表达形式上存在着许多差异，我国学生往往会以中国人的思维方式和习惯用法去套英语，这样在汉译英时难免会出现一些错误。部分常见的错误举例如下： 1、未经允许，任何人不得入内。 误：Anybody can not come in without permission. 正：Nobody can come in without permission. “任何……不”是汉语中常用的否定句式，而在英语中与any构成的合成词或被any修饰的词语作主语时，谓语动词不能用否定式，因此any ... not的表达形式不符合英语的习惯。翻译这类句子时须用“否定形式的主语+肯定形式的谓语”。但当any的合成词或any所修饰的词带有后置定语时，谓语可以用否定式，如： 干那种事的人都是不诚实的。 Anyone who does that isn’t honest. 2、听到这个消息后，没有一个人不感到兴奋。 误：Having heard the news, nobody did not feel excited. 正：Having heard the news, everybody felt excited. 汉语中常用“没有+主语+不+谓语”这一双重否定的结构，而英语中否定形式的主语习惯上不能与否定形式的谓语连用。因此nobody... not的结构不符合英语的表达习惯。翻译这类句子时，（1）可把主语和谓语都改成肯定形式；（2）也可用另一结构的双重否定式：there be +否定的主语 + 否定形式的定语从句，如： There was nobody who did not feel excited. 或：There was nobody but felt excited. 3、这两本书都不是英国出版的。 误：Both of the books are not published in England. 正：Neither of the books is published in England. 我不同意所有这些方案。 误：I don’t agree to all these projects. 正：I agree to none of these projects. 或：I don’t agree to any of these projects. 英语中的概括词all, every, both, 以及与every 构成的合成词，用语否定句式时，只表示部分否定，常译成“并非……都”，因此两个错误译句的含义分别为：并非两本书都是英国出版的，并非所有这些方案我都同意。要表达全部否定意义时，英语须用全否定词语，如none，neither, no, nobody, nothing, not ... any, not ... either等。 三，表示一个办法（或方案等）以外的另一个办法（或方案等） Alternative前可以用an, the, no( other)等，alternative用单数。alternative后可接 to引出名词或动名词表示原有的办法（或方案等）。例如： 1，This is the four-stroke cycle which is in common use. An alternative is the two-stroke cycle, which combines the exhaust and compression strokes into one. 这就是常用的四冲程循环。另一种循环是两冲程循环，它把排气冲程与压缩冲程合并为一个冲程。 2，As an alternative to buying computers, some firms hire them, and the cost per year will be about twenty-five per cent of the cost of buying them. 有些公司租用计算机而不购置计算机，每年的租金约合购置的费用的四分之一。 3，We returned by the alternative road. 我们是取道另一条路返回的。 4，If the wall units are too large for one crane they are sometimes lifted by two cranes working together. The alternative is to reduce the height of the wall unit, keeping its length equal to the column spacing. 如果墙体构件太大，一台吊车吊不起来，有时就用两台吊车合力吊起。另一种办法是把墙体构件的高度降低，使构件的长度等于柱间距。 5，In 1832 Charles Babbage had no alternative to designing a purely mechanical calculating devices using gears, rods and wheels, but the organization of the machine was very like that of a modern electronic computer. 1832年，查尔斯·巴比除了设计一台使用齿轮、连杆和轮子的完全机械传动的计算装置之外，没有其他解决方案。但他这部计算机器的结构却很象现代的电子计算机。 6，We had to fight: there was no (other) alternatives. 我们只有战斗，别无其他办法。 四，表示一个办法外的另几个或几个办法以外的另一个或几个 如果只有一个alternative，则前面用an, 有两个以上alternative, 则前面用零位冠词，数词，many, a number of, other等。alternative后可以接to引出名词或动名词表示原有的办法（或方案等）。例如： 1，Computers are very expensive so that unless the firm is fairly large and can use one almost full-time it is uneconomic to rent or buy it. There is an alternative which many small firms take. They buy microprocessors. 计算机价格昂贵，因此，除非公司相当大又几乎能在全部办公时间内利用计算机，那无论是租用计算机还是购置都是不合算的。很多小公司采用一种变通的办法，就是购置微处理机。 2，If a particular item asked for is out of stock, the computer may suggest alternative items which might satisfy the custormer. 如果顾客要买的某种商品缺货，计算机可以推荐一些也许会使顾客满意的代用品。 3，Many alternatives to oil and gas are already in use, at least in a small way. 石油和天然气的代用品已有多种投入使用，至少已小有规模地使用。
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