四级语法讲义www.test99.com
一：时态：所谓的时态，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表：www.test99.com
1．主动形式www.test99.com
过去 现在 将来 过去将来www.test99.com
一般 did do will/shall do should/would dowww.test99.com
进行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing /www.test99.com
完成 had done have/has done will/shall have done should/would have done用于虚拟语气www.test99.com
完成进行 had been doing have/has been doing / /www.test99.com
2．被动形式www.test99.com
过去 现在 将来 过去将来www.test99.com
一般 was/were given am/is/are given will/shall be given should/would be givenwww.test99.com
进行 was/were being given am/is/are being given / /www.test99.com
完成 had been given have/has been given will/shall have been given should/would have been givenwww.test99.com
完成进行 / / / www.test99.com v CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。www.test99.com
v 时间状语从句当中的时态：www.test99.com
一般过去时 所有的过去www.test99.com
用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来www.test99.com
现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成www.test99.com
一．非谓语动词www.test99.com
一．不定式：www.test99.com
一）不定式的常考形式：www.test99.com
1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.www.test99.com
被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.www.test99.com
语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生www.test99.com
2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.www.test99.com
被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages.www.test99.com
语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前www.test99.com
二）不定式常考的考点：www.test99.com
1）不定式做定语----将要发生www.test99.com
2）不定式做状语----目的www.test99.com
3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe.www.test99.com
三)不定式的省略www.test99.com
1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feelwww.test99.com
+ do的 表示动作的完整性，真实性；www.test99.com
+ doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性www.test99.com
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.www.test99.com
昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调我看见了这个事实)www.test99.com
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.www.test99.com
昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调我见他正干活这个动作）www.test99.com
v 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.www.test99.com
2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to www.test99.com
I ‘d like to have John do it. www.test99.com
I have my package weighed.www.test99.com
Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn. www.test99.com
3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to dowww.test99.com
四)有些动词后只跟不定式如：www.test99.com
want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do www.test99.com
force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do www.test99.com
be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to dowww.test99.com
五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式www.test99.com
accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.www.test99.com
三、的need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。www.test99.com
He needs (a lot of) encouraging.www.test99.com
二. 动名词： 具有动作性特征的名词www.test99.com
1)是名词 seeing is believingwww.test99.com
2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary.www.test99.com
一)动名词的形式:www.test99.com
一般形式：I dont like you smoking. www.test99.com
完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice.www.test99.com
被动形式：This question is far from being settled.www.test99.com
二) 动名词常考的点www.test99.com
1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数www.test99.com
2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词www.test99.com
3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.www.test99.com
I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon． www.test99.com
A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．youre calling（Key：C your calling 也对）www.test99.com
I regret not having taken your advice.www.test99.com
4)有些词后只能接动名词www.test99.com
admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; cant help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand...www.test99.com
另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法：www.test99.com
its no good; its no/little/hardly any/ use; its not/hardly/scarcely use; its worthwhile; spend money/time; theres no; theres no point in; theres nothing worse than; whats the use/point...www.test99.com
5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可www.test99.com
remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。www.test99.com
I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作)www.test99.com
I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作)www.test99.com
forgot与remember的用法类似。www.test99.com
I regret to inform you that… 我很遗憾地通知你…www.test99.com
I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了二十年前的离开而遗憾。www.test99.com
try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness.www.test99.com
try –ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day. www.test99.com
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、的想]我想去，但我父亲不让我去。www.test99.com
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。www.test99.com
prefer的用法：www.test99.com
我宁愿在这里等。www.test99.com
I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。）www.test99.com
I prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。）www.test99.com
I prefer swimming to cycling. （这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。）www.test99.com
3 分词：www.test99.com
现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态www.test99.com
现在分词的形式:www.test99.com
1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (与谓语动词同步发生)www.test99.com
2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前)www.test99.com
3)完成被动形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动)www.test99.com
过去分词www.test99.com
1) 过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared.www.test99.com
2)过去分词的进行形式：Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做)www.test99.com
这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系——主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。www.test99.com
二：虚拟三：虚拟语气www.test99.com
情态动词所表达的可能性程度：must/cant à should/shouldnt à might/may (not)www.test99.com
另外两个类情态词的形式：need/neednt; have to/dont have towww.test99.com
v 最自然的虚拟状态：由should/would+原型时态（不含时间只含状态）www.test99.com
本质上是过去将来时：即，时间固定在过去将来，状态不同：一般、的进行、的完成、的完成进行。www.test99.com
这时虚拟语气的产生往往是因为我们要表达本来应该……（而现在却还没有……）www.test99.com
（本来可以……，本来能……）www.test99.com
I should go! (… but Im still here!) (一般)www.test99.com
I should be working now! (进行)www.test99.com
I should have practiced more (than I did)! (完成)www.test99.com
我应该多多练习！（言下之意，现在我练习得不多。）www.test99.com
I shouldnt dream away my time too much! (完成的否定)www.test99.com
(actually I did dream away my time too much!)www.test99.com
It shouldnt have been leaking for such a long time! (完成进行)www.test99.com
I may/might/could have finished! (完成)www.test99.com
一些常见的句型中，就会出现这种虚拟语气，而处于从句之中，should 常常被省略掉www.test99.com
o suggest, advise, propose, recommend, plan;www.test99.com
o demand, order, direct, arrange, command, decide;www.test99.com
o require, request;www.test99.com
o think, expect, believe, insist, suspect.www.test99.com
由于他们的含义中包含建议，假设，应该这类的含义，所以，由他们引起的从句中，就会包含有should+原型时态构成的虚拟语气。www.test99.com
这些动词（以及他们的名次形式，分词形式）引起的从句还有其他的变形：www.test99.com
主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句www.test99.com
Its suggested that…www.test99.com
My suggestion is that…www.test99.com
The only suggestion that...www.test99.com
The only suggestion I can give you now is that… www.test99.com
一些形容词引起的表语从句中，也会有同样的情况www.test99.com
important; necessary; essentialwww.test99.com
Its natural ; strange; incredible thatwww.test99.com
a pity; a shame; no wonderwww.test99.com
Ø 由lest, for fear that, in case 引起的从句中多使用shouldwww.test99.com
v 表达与事实相反www.test99.com
1. 与现在相反：使用[过去时]：www.test99.com
I wish I were not here! (一般现在à一般过去)www.test99.com
Suppose we were not here.www.test99.com
He loved me as if I were his own son. (一般现在à一般过去)www.test99.com
Hope I werent always losing things! (现在进行à过去进行)www.test99.com
If only/If I hadnt been there! (现在完成à过去完成)www.test99.com
What if I hadnt been waiting right here! (现在完成进行à过去完成进行)www.test99.com
常考句型：Its (high) time (that)…; would rather (that)… www.test99.com
这两个从句，只能表达对现在的看法，所以，从句中只有一般过去时。www.test99.com
2. 与过去相反：过去完成时；www.test99.com
How nice it is if I had past the test!www.test99.com
How nice it is if I had slept a little more this morning!www.test99.com
3. 与将来相反？将来的事情没有发生，所以只能推测。www.test99.com
If it rains tomorrow, well have to stay one day more.www.test99.com
不过，由于可以用be to表示将来；所以，虚拟语气中经常出现were to；也是CET-4的常考语法点。www.test99.com
v 虚拟条件句www.test99.com
o if 部分，做一个与事实相反的假设（所以只有一般过去和过去完成）；www.test99.com
o 主句部分，这是表示基于这个假设的推测，一般使用情态动词would，少数情况下使用could/might/may。www.test99.com
o 注意：两个部分之间，是有逻辑关系，而在两部分的谓语动词时态上，没有必然的联系。www.test99.com
v 注意，虚拟条件句中的if可以省略，造成were/had提前，产生倒装。www.test99.com
v 隐含的非真实条件www.test99.com
What would you do with 50 thousand dollar?www.test99.com
How could I be happy without you?www.test99.com
除了条件状语从句之外，原因状语从句也会出现虚拟语气。www.test99.com
o 由in order that, so that引起的从句，肯定的时候可以使用may/might; can/could; 否定的时候，多用shouldnt;www.test99.com
o whoever, whatever, no matter what引起的从句中，多用may+www.test99.com
情态动词的基本用法及其区别www.test99.com
最近几年高考试题中常常借助语境来考查情态动词的基本用法及其区别，因此在平时学习时准确理解和掌握情态动词的基本用法十分重要。情态动词的用法复杂多变，在高考试题中，命题者常常利用语境和句子之间意义上的细微差别来考查学生对情态动词的理解和掌握。对于情态动词，除了要求考生能够准确掌握它们的基本用法外，还要充分利用高考试题所设置的语境来分析句子之间所体现的特殊关系。下面就近几年来高考试题中出现的情态动词的考点进行归纳分析，以便同学们复习掌握。 www.test99.com
一、的用“情态动词＋have ＋done”结构表示对过去动作的推测，高考试题中常用过去时态或过去的时间状语给以暗示。情态动词的这一用法可以用 “对立统一”来概括。 www.test99.com
1．当试题的前句和后句在动作和意义上相互补充说明，且整个句意在动作和时间上是一个整体时，我们可用“统一”关系来解决这样的试题。常见的结构有：www.test99.com
must have done： www.test99.com
表示对过去动作的肯定推测，常译作“一定做了……”，只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式为can’t／couldn’t have done www.test99.com
疑问式为Can／Could...have done﹖。 www.test99.com
could ／might have done：表示对过去发生的动作的可能性推测，常译作“可能做了……”。如：www.test99.com
1) My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he www.test99.com
＿＿＿＿＿ your lecture． www.test99.com
A． couldn’t have attended www.test99.com
B． needn’t have attended www.test99.com
C． mustn’t have attended www.test99.com
D． shouldn’t have attended www.test99.com
本题选A。www.test99.com
2) Jack ＿＿＿＿ yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me．www.test99.com
A． mustn’t have arrived www.test99.com
B． shouldn’t have arrived www.test99.com
C． can’t have arrived www.test99.com
D． need not have arrived （C）www.test99.com
2．当试题的前后句在动作和意义上构成转折关系时，常借助“but, however, instead”等词来表示过去的动作与客观事实不符，这时我们就可以用“对立”关系来解决这样的试题。这种结构常见的有：www.test99.com
should have done ／ ought to have done：表示过去本应该做某事而实际上没有做。www.test99.com
should not have done ／ ought not to have done：表示过去本不应该做某事但事实上却做了。www.test99.com
need have done：表示过去本来有必要去做某事，但事实上没有做。www.test99.com
need not have done：表示过去本来没有必要做某事，但事实上却做了。如：www.test99.com
3) I was really anxious about you． You ＿＿＿＿＿ home without a word． www.test99.com
(NMET2001)www.test99.com
A． mustn’t leave B． shouldn’t have left www.test99.com
C． couldn’t have left D． needn’t leavewww.test99.com
“本不应该离家出走却走了”，故本题选B。 www.test99.com
4) I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I ＿＿＿＿＿ for her． www.test99.com
(NMET’94)www.test99.com
A． had to write it out www.test99.com
B． must have written it outwww.test99.com
C． should have written it out www.test99.com
D． ought to write it outwww.test99.com
由句中的连词but可知前后句之间是对立关系，分析题意可知本题应选C。www.test99.com
二、的考查情态动词基本用法之间的比较和辨析。最近几年高考试题中常借助具体的语境来考查考生对那些最常见的情态动词的基本用法的理解和掌握，因此在做这样的试题时应认真分析语境中所含的实际意义，并结合情态动词的基本含义和用法做出正确的选择。www.test99.com
5) —Is John coming by train﹖www.test99.com
—He should, but he ＿＿＿＿＿＿ not． He likes driving his car． www.test99.com
A． must B． can C． need D． maywww.test99.com
mustn’t 表示“禁止、的不准”；cannot 表示“不可能”；need not 表示“不必要”；may not www.test99.com
表示“可能不”。分析语境可知本题应选D。 www.test99.com
6) —I hear you’ve got a set of valuable Australian coins． ＿＿＿＿＿＿ I have a look﹖www.test99.com
—Yes, certainly． www.test99.com
A． Do B． May C． Shall D． Shouldwww.test99.com
分析语境可知这是在征求对方的许可，may表示“允许、的可以”，语气比较委婉 shall常用于第一、的三人称作主语的疑问句中,表示征求对方意见和指示，如果此空用shall，则意为“要（我）看一下吗？”，不符合上下文意思。故本题选B。www.test99.com
7) Mr Bush is on time for everything． How ＿＿＿＿ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony﹖ www.test99.com
A． can B． should C． may D． must www.test99.com
must be 表示肯定的猜测，只能用于肯定句中，由题意可知本题应选A。 www.test99.com
8) —Are you coming to Jeff’s party﹖www.test99.com
—I’m not sure． I ＿＿＿＿ go to the concert instead．www.test99.com
A． must B． would C． should D． might www.test99.com
由题意和下句中的 “I’m not sure” www.test99.com
可知这段对话中存在一种可能性推测，might可以用来表示一种比较委婉的可能性判断，故本题选D。又如： I should have been there, but I ＿＿＿＿＿ not find the time． www.test99.com
A． would B． could C． might D． shouldwww.test99.com
分析题意可知第二个分句表示过去的某种能力；C 项只表示语气上的可能性，与题意不符。故本题选B。www.test99.com
9) Johnny, you ＿＿＿＿ play with the knife, you ＿＿＿＿ hurt yourself． www.test99.com
A． won’t; can’t B． mustn’t; may www.test99.com
C． shouldn’t; must D． can’t; shouldn’t www.test99.com
mustn’t 表示“不可以；禁止”，分析题意可知第二个空表示某种可能性，故本题选B。 www.test99.com
10) —Will you stay for lunch﹖www.test99.com
—Sorry, ＿＿＿＿＿＿． My brother is coming to see me．www.test99.com
A． I mustn’t B． I can’t www.test99.com
C． I needn’t D． I won’t www.test99.com
分析题意可知因为“我弟弟要来看我”，所以“不能留下”，因此对别人的邀请或要求应给予礼貌的拒绝。A 项表示“禁止”；C项表示“不必要”；而D项表示“不会”，均不符合题意。故本题选B。又如：www.test99.com
—Could I borrow your dictionary﹖www.test99.com
—Yes, of course you ＿＿＿＿＿．www.test99.com
A． might B． will C． can D． should (C)www.test99.com
11)—When can I come for the photos﹖ I need them tomorrow afternoon． www.test99.com
—They ＿＿＿＿＿ be ready by 1200． www.test99.com
A． can B． should C． might D． needwww.test99.com
该题考查情态动词should的基本含义，分析句意可知本题应选B。又如： www.test99.com
12) The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ＿＿＿＿ get out．( www.test99.com
A． had to B． would C． could D． was able towww.test99.com
该题考查了could和be able to的区别，二者都可表示过去时间的能力，但如果表示过去成功地做了某事只能使用was ／ were able to do，故本题选D。www.test99.com
13) —Shall I tell John about it ﹖www.test99.com
—No, you ＿＿＿＿＿． I’ve told him already． www.test99.com
A． needn’t B． wouldn’t C． mustn’t D． shouldn’t www.test99.com
情态动词shall在试题中表示征询对方意见或请求指示。答句暗示 “没有必要了”，故本题选Awww.test99.com
三、的一致关系www.test99.com
一)主谓一致www.test99.com
1． 主谓一致（与插入语无关） www.test99.com
1主谓的分隔原则：主谓之间可以用定语从句或者省略的定语从句分隔。 www.test99.com
2定语从句中的主谓一致： www.test99.com
3随前一致： www.test99.com
n. + together with的n2 www.test99.com
as well as www.test99.com
including www.test99.com
along with www.test99.com
with / of www.test99.com
accompanied with / by www.test99.com
4就近原则：n1 or n2Test99Test99Test99 +v（就近原则） www.test99.com
either n1 or n2 www.test99.com
5可数n1 and 可数n2+v(pl) www.test99.com
不可数n1 and 不可数n2+v(pl) www.test99.com
例外：war and peace is…的war and peace是一个整体 www.test99.com
但是如果主语表示的是同一个概念，同一人，同一事的时候，谓语动词用单数，这种结构的特征是and连接的两个词只有一个冠词。www.test99.com
The iron and steel industry is very important to our country.www.test99.com
The head master and mathematical teacher is coming.www.test99.com
The head master and the mathematical teacher are coming.www.test99.com
类似的还有：law and order的bread and www.test99.com
butter的black and white的 www.test99.com
To love and to be loved is … www.test99.com
A lawyer and a teacher are… www.test99.com
A lawyer and teacher is … www.test99.com
6随后原则：not A but B / not only A but also B+v.(与B一致) www.test99.com
7百分比结构：most , half , rest , some , majority , one+persent www.test99.com
of+n1+v.（由n1决定）www.test99.com
8倒装结构的主谓一致： www.test99.com
a）There be +n的由名词决定动词 www.test99.com
b）Among , between等介词位于句首引起倒装结构： www.test99.com
Among / Between …+系动词+n. （由名词决定动词） www.test99.com
9The+adj的主谓一致： www.test99.com
a）当表示“一类人”， www.test99.com
b）当表示某一抽象概念时www.test99.com
The good is always attractive. www.test99.com
10 To do/doing/主从+vs www.test99.com
*More than one+n www.test99.com
many a +n. www.test99.com
a day or two www.test99.com
二)、的倒装www.test99.com
1 全部倒装www.test99.com
是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：Up went the plane = the plane went up.www.test99.com
1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。www.test99.com
2) 表示运动方向的副词(back, down, off, up)或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。www.test99.com
注意：1) 上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能倒装。Here he comes. Away they went. 2) 谓语动词是be的时候，不能倒装。 Here it is. Here you are.www.test99.com
3） 形容词短语/分词短语位于句首，引起倒装 www.test99.com
*typical of的 characteristic of www.test99.com
*coinciding with + n www.test99.com
4） 表示地点范围的介词短语位于句首，谓语动词为系动词，一定引起倒装 www.test99.com
In…（表语）+系动词+主，主同。 www.test99.com
*在倒装句型答案中不能出现there www.test99.com
*常考介词要倒装：among的between的in的at的beneath www.test99.com
常考的系动词：be的lie的exist的remain的rest www.test99.com
部分倒装www.test99.com
1． 否定 adv 位于句首，引起倒装：not only, not until, hardly, scarcely, www.test99.com
seldom, rarely, no sooner…than的 www.test99.com
1） not until + 时间 + 主谓倒装，not until + 句子+主谓倒装 www.test99.com
2） only+状语位于句首 www.test99.com
only +ad.的 eg: recently www.test99.com
prep.短短语的 eg: in recently years www.test99.com
从句的 eg: when clause www.test99.com
only一个词本身不倒装 www.test99.com
3） 在比较级结构中，than后面可以倒装，也可以不倒装。 www.test99.com
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。www.test99.com
Ø 1) Neither, nor, so 表示前面句子的共同否定或者肯定，产生倒装，一般主动词提前，谓语动词的其他部分就www.test99.com
4) as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。www.test99.com
as〔让步〕虽然，尽管〔词序倒装。语气比 though 强〕。 www.test99.com
Successful as he is, he is not proud. 他虽成功，却不骄傲。www.test99.com
Women as she is, shes every brave.www.test99.com
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.www.test99.com
注意：A) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。B) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。www.test99.com
5) 其他部分倒装 www.test99.com
a) so… that 句型中的so; such… that句型中的such位于句首时，需倒装。www.test99.com
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.www.test99.com
b) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中：May you all be happy.www.test99.com
c) 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。Were I you, I would try it again.www.test99.com
四、的复合句www.test99.com
从句可分为：www.test99.com
Ø 名词性从句à 主语从句、的宾语从句、的表语从句、的同位语从句www.test99.com
Ø 形容词性从句à定语从句www.test99.com
Ø 副词性从句à状语从句www.test99.com
v 常考的关系代词：that; which; who/whom/whose; where; when; what; as。www.test99.com
v 常见的同位语从句现行词（that之前的抽象名词）：fact, idea, news, hope, conclusion, evidence, opinion, problem, thought, understanding… www.test99.com
v 常用的引导词www.test99.com
o 时间状语从句：while; when; before; whenever; as; after; till; until; since; once; ever since; as/so long as; as soon as; no sooner… than; hardly… when; scarcely/barely… when; the moment/minute/instant; on (the point of) doing…www.test99.com
o 地点状语从句：where; whereverwww.test99.com
o 原因状语从句：because; since; as; seeing that; considering that; now that; in that; for fear that; lest; owing to the fact that; because of the fact that; due to the fact that…www.test99.com
o 方式状语从句：as; as if; as though; how; save that…www.test99.com
o 比较状语从句：as; than; as… as; not so… as; hardly… than;www.test99.com
o 结果状语从句：so that; so… that; such… that; so as to…www.test99.com
o 条件状语从句：if; unless; in case; so long as; so far as; provided/providing/that; supposing; granted/granting that…; giving that….www.test99.com
o 让步状语从句：though; although; even if; even though; whether; as; however; no matter (what, how, when); for all that; in spite of the fact that; granted that; regardless of the fact that…www.test99.com
o 目的状语从句：that; so that; in order that; lest; for the fear that; in case…www.test99.com
定语从句: www.test99.com
which 引导的定语从句结构www.test99.com
1）which是关系代词，which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子，www.test99.com
在这个句子中，which要作成分，作主语或者宾语www.test99.com
2）in which+完整的句子www.test99.com
which在定语从句中作in的宾语，所以不能作后面句子的主语www.test99.com
3）名词+of which+谓语动词www.test99.com
of which来修饰名词，名词在定语从句中作主语，所以后面直接跟谓语动词www.test99.com
I have five books three of which are borrowed from Mary.www.test99.com
4）介词+ which +to do 其功能相当于定语从句。www.test99.com
The key with which to open the door is lost.www.test99.com
5）定语从句的省略结构：www.test99.com
1． 如果that / which在定从中作 宾语，可以省略. www.test99.com
sub+vt+n+(which / that)+sub+vt www.test99.com
→s+vt+n+s+v www.test99.com
s+vt+n1+n2+vt www.test99.com
*当做题时，若发现两个名词在一起，但是似乎连不上，则一定省略that / www.test99.com
which，则动词为vt，做谓语。 www.test99.com
6）定从的特殊省略www.test99.com
the way (in which) + 句子 www.test99.com
the reason (why that)+句子Test99Test99Test99 均为完整句 www.test99.com
the time (that / when)+句子 www.test99.com
I do remember the first time (that省) I ever heard the sweetest voice in the world. www.test99.com
By the time省that+句子，句子。 www.test99.com
7）定从的主系省略（主+系可同时省） www.test99.com
即：which be , who be , that be可同时省 www.test99.com
状语从句省略结构www.test99.com
这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件：www.test99.com
第一、的特定的状语从句引导词：although的though的even though的when的while if as www.test99.com
第二、的从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致；www.test99.com
第三、的从句的谓语必须是be动词，主语和be动词同进同出
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